Reference LGR for script: Tamil (Taml) | lgr-second-level-tamil-script-24aug20-en |
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This document is mechanically formatted from the above XML file for the LGR. It provides additional summary data and explanatory text. The XML file remains the sole normative specification of the LGR.
Date | 2020-08-24 |
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LGR Version | 3 |
Language | und-Taml |
Unicode Version | 6.3.0 |
This document specifies a reference set of Label Generation Rules (LGR) for the Tamil script for the second level. The starting point for the development of this LGR can be found in the related Root Zone LGR [RZ-LGR-3-Taml]. For details and additional background on the script, see "Proposal for a Tamil Script Root Zone Label Generation Rule-Set (LGR)" [Proposal-Tamil]. The format of this file follows [RFC 7940].
This is a DRAFT document released for public comments and not final. Please see the announcement on the ICANN website for public comments on the Second Level Reference LGRs for details on how to submit comments.
The repertoire contains 48 code points for letters and 4 sequences used to write the Tamil language.
The repertoire is a subset of [Unicode 6.3]. For more detail, see Section 5, "Repertoire" in [Proposal-Tamil]. For details, see Section 5, "Repertoire" in [Proposal-Tamil]. (The proposal cited has been adopted for the Tamil script portion of the Root Zone LGR.)
For the second level, the repertoire has been augmented with the ASCII digits, U+0030 (0) to U+0039 (9), and U+002D (-) HYPHEN-MINUS for a total of 63 repertoire elements.
Code points outside the Tamil script that are listed in this file are targets for out-of-script variants and are identified by a reflexive (identity) variant of type "out-of-repertoire-var". They do not form part of the repertoire.
Each code point or range is tagged with the script or scripts that the code point is used with, one or more tag values denoting character category, and one or more references documenting sufficient justification for inclusion in the repertoire, see "References" below. Comments provide alternate names for some code points.
According to Section 6, "Variants" in [Proposal-Tamil], this LGR defines four sequences as in-script variants. Two of them are variants to single code points; the other two are variants of each other; all defined variants look exactly alike and can cause confusion even to a careful observer.
In addition to these, this LGR defines 6 cross-script variants with the Malayalam script.
Digit Variants: The Tamil reference LGR does not include native digits, so there are no variants defined. However, some Tamil letters are homoglyphs of native digits. For example, U+0BE7 (௧) TAMIL DIGIT ONE and U+0BED (௭) TAMIL DIGIT SEVEN are homoglyphs of U+0B95 (க) TAMIL LETTER KA and U+0B8E (எ) TAMIL LETTER E respectively. Should an extension be contemplated that adds native digits, these might require variant relations. At the same time, however, any native digits would normally be semantic variants of the European digits. In any zone containing multiple scripts, these two types of variant relation for digits may lead to complication once transitivity is applied.
Variant Disposition: Except as noted, variants are of type "blocked", making labels that differ only by these variants mutually exclusive: whichever label containing either of these variants is chosen earlier would be delegated, while any other equivalent label should be blocked.
For historical reasons, there are two sequences that both represent the same akshar (Shri) with exactly the same rendered form. These two sequences are thus semantically identical and users may choose either one, except that a single label must use one of these forms consistently. This variant pair is thus being defined as "allocatable" variant. (For more details see Section 6.1 in [Proposal-Tamil].)
The specification of variants in this reference LGR follows the guidelines in [RFC 8228].
Tamil is an alphasyllabary and the heart of the writing system is the akshar. This is the unit which is instinctively recognized by users of the script. As encoded, the writing system of Tamil is composed of Consonants, the Implicit Vowel Killer: Halant, Vowels and Visarga/Aytham.
Consonants: More details in Section 3.3.1, "The Consonants" in [Proposal-Tamil].
Halant / Virama: All consonants contain an implicit vowel /a/. A special sign is needed to denote that this implicit vowel is stripped off. This is known as the Pulli and encoded as U+0BCD ( ் ) TAMIL SIGN VIRAMA. The virama thus joins two adjacent consonants. In Tamil, there are only two cases where this forms conjuncts. More details in Section 3.3.2, "Virama/Pulli" of the [Proposal-Tamil].
Vowels and Matras: Separate symbols exist for all Vowels that are pronounced independently either at the beginning or after another vowel sound. To indicate a Vowel sound other than the implicit one following a consonant, a Vowel sign (matra) is attached to the consonant. Since the consonant has a built-in /a/, there are equivalent Matras for all vowels excepting the அ. More details in Section 3.3.3, "Vowels" in [Proposal-Tamil].
Visarga: The Visarga (or Aytham) is used in Tamil to represent a sound very close to /ḵ/. More details in Section 3.3.4, "Visarga/Aytham" in [Proposal-Tamil].
Actions include the default actions for LGRs as well as that needed to invalidate labels with misplaced combining marks. They are marked with ⍟. For a description see [RFC 7940].
These rules have been drafted to ensure that the prospective Tamil label conforms to akshar formation norms as desired in Tamil script. These norms are exclusively presented as context rules.
The following symbols are used in the WLE rules:
C → Consonant
M → Matra
H → Haleant / Virama =Pulli
X → Visarga = Aytham
The rules are:
The following whole-label rule and associated action prevent the mixing of two allocatable variants of the same sequence within the same label. This reduces overproduction of variant labels.
More details in Section 7, "Whole Label Evaluation Rules (WLE)" in [Proposal-Tamil].
This reference LGR for Tamil for the 2nd Level has been developed by Michel Suignard and Asmus Freytag, based on the Root Zone LGR for Tamil and information contained or referenced therein, see [RZ-LGR-3-Taml]. Suitable extensions for the second level have been applied according to the [Guidelines]. The original proposal for a Root Zone LGR for the Tamil script, that this reference LGR is based on, was developed by the Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel (NBGP). For more information on methodology and contributors to the underlying Root Zone LGR, see Sections 4 and 8 in [Proposal-Tamil], as well as [RZ-LGR-Overview].
The following general references are cited in this document:
For references consulted particularly in designing the repertoire for the Tamil script for the second level please see details in the Table of References below. References [0] and [7] refer to the Unicode Standard versions in which the corresponding code points were initially encoded. References [101] and above correspond to sources given in [Proposal-Tamil] justifying the inclusion of the corresponding code points. Entries in the table may have multiple source reference values.
Number of elements in Repertoire | 63 | ||||||
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Out of repertoire variants | 6 | ||||||
Total entries in table | 69 | ||||||
Number of code points for each script |
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Number of code points | 65 | ||||||
Number of sequences | 4 | ||||||
Longest code point sequence | 4 |
The following table lists the repertoire by code point (or code point sequence). The data in the Script and Name column are extracted from the Unicode character database. Where a comment in the original LGR is equal to the character name, it has been suppressed.
For any code point or sequence for which a variant is defined, additional information is provided in the Variants column. Some code points or sequences listed in the following table are not part of the repertoire itself; they document targets for out-of-repertoire variant mappings as indicated. See also the legend provided below the table.
Code Point |
Glyph | Script | Name | Ref | Tags | Required Context | Part of Repertoire |
Variants | Comment |
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U+002D | - | Common | HYPHEN-MINUS | [0] | Hyphen | not: hyphen-minus-disallowed | ✔ | ⍟ | |
U+0030 | 0 | Common | DIGIT ZERO | [0] | Common-digit | ✔ | ⍟ | ||
U+0031 | 1 | Common | DIGIT ONE | [0] | Common-digit | ✔ | ⍟ | ||
U+0032 | 2 | Common | DIGIT TWO | [0] | Common-digit | ✔ | ⍟ | ||
U+0033 | 3 | Common | DIGIT THREE | [0] | Common-digit | ✔ | ⍟ | ||
U+0034 | 4 | Common | DIGIT FOUR | [0] | Common-digit | ✔ | ⍟ | ||
U+0035 | 5 | Common | DIGIT FIVE | [0] | Common-digit | ✔ | ⍟ | ||
U+0036 | 6 | Common | DIGIT SIX | [0] | Common-digit | ✔ | ⍟ | ||
U+0037 | 7 | Common | DIGIT SEVEN | [0] | Common-digit | ✔ | ⍟ | ||
U+0038 | 8 | Common | DIGIT EIGHT | [0] | Common-digit | ✔ | ⍟ | ||
U+0039 | 9 | Common | DIGIT NINE | [0] | Common-digit | ✔ | ⍟ | ||
U+0B83 | ஃ | Tamil | TAMIL SIGN VISARGA | [0], [103] | Visarga | not: preceded-by-X | ✔ | = aytham | |
U+0B85 | அ | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER A | [0], [101] | Vowel | ✔ | |||
U+0B86 | ஆ | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER AA | [0], [101] | Vowel | ✔ | |||
U+0B87 | இ | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER I | [0], [101] | Vowel | ✔ | |||
U+0B88 | ஈ | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER II | [0], [101] | Vowel | ✔ | |||
U+0B89 | உ | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER U | [0], [101] | Vowel | ✔ | |||
U+0B8A | ஊ | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER UU | [0], [101] | Vowel | ✔ | |||
U+0B8E | எ | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER E | [0], [101] | Vowel | ✔ | |||
U+0B8F | ஏ | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER EE | [0], [101] | Vowel | ✔ | |||
U+0B90 | ஐ | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER AI | [0], [101] | Vowel | ✔ | |||
U+0B92 | ஒ | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER O | [0], [101] | Vowel | ✔ | |||
U+0B92 U+0BB3 | ஒள | {Tamil} | TAMIL LETTER O + TAMIL LETTER LLA | [Vowel] + [Consonant] | ✔ | set 1 | homoglyph of U+0B94 (ஔ) | ||
U+0B93 | ஓ | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER OO | [0], [101] | Vowel | ✔ | |||
U+0B94 | ஔ | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER AU | [0], [101] | Vowel | ✔ | set 1 | ||
U+0B95 | க | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER KA | [0], [102] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0B99 | ங | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER NGA | [0], [102] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0B9A | ச | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER CA | [0], [102] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0B9C | ஜ | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER JA | [0], [102] | Consonant | ✔ | set 2 | ||
U+0B9E | ஞ | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER NYA | [0], [102] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0B9F | ட | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER TTA | [0], [102] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0BA3 | ண | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER NNA | [0], [102] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0BA4 | த | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER TA | [0], [102] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0BA8 | ந | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER NA | [0], [102] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0BA9 | ன | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER NNNA | [0], [102] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0BAA | ப | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER PA | [0], [102] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0BAE | ம | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER MA | [0], [102] | Consonant | ✔ | set 3 | ||
U+0BAF | ய | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER YA | [0], [102] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0BB0 | ர | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER RA | [0], [102] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0BB1 | ற | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER RRA | [0], [102] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0BB2 | ல | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER LA | [0], [102] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0BB3 | ள | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER LLA | [0], [102] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0BB4 | ழ | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER LLLA | [0], [102] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0BB5 | வ | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER VA | [0], [102] | Consonant | ✔ | set 4 | ||
U+0BB6 | ஶ | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER SHA | [7], [102] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0BB6 U+0BCD U+0BB0 U+0BC0 | ஶ்ரீ | {Tamil} | TAMIL SYLLABLE SHRII | [Consonant] + [Halant] + [Consonant] + [Matra] | ✔ | set 5 | |||
U+0BB7 | ஷ | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER SSA | [0], [102] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0BB8 | ஸ | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER SA | [0], [102] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0BB8 U+0BCD U+0BB0 U+0BC0 | ஸ்ரீ | {Tamil} | TAMIL LETTER SA + TAMIL SIGN VIRAMA + TAMIL LETTER RA + TAMIL VOWEL SIGN II | [Consonant] + [Halant] + [Consonant] + [Matra] | ✔ | set 5 | Alternate for Tamil SHRII | ||
U+0BB9 | ஹ | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER HA | [0], [102] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0BBE | ா | Tamil | TAMIL VOWEL SIGN AA | [0], [102] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ | ||
U+0BBF | ி | Tamil | TAMIL VOWEL SIGN I | [0], [102] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ | set 6 | |
U+0BC0 | ீ | Tamil | TAMIL VOWEL SIGN II | [0], [102] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ | ||
U+0BC1 | ு | Tamil | TAMIL VOWEL SIGN U | [0], [102] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ | ||
U+0BC2 | ூ | Tamil | TAMIL VOWEL SIGN UU | [0], [102] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ | ||
U+0BC6 | ெ | Tamil | TAMIL VOWEL SIGN E | [0], [102] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ | set 7 | |
U+0BC6 U+0BB3 | ெள | {Tamil} | TAMIL VOWEL SIGN E + TAMIL LETTER LLA | [Matra] + [Consonant] | follows-C | ✔ | set 8 | homoglyph of U+0BCC (ௌ) | |
U+0BC7 | ே | Tamil | TAMIL VOWEL SIGN EE | [0], [102] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ | set 9 | |
U+0BC8 | ை | Tamil | TAMIL VOWEL SIGN AI | [0], [102] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ | ||
U+0BCA | ொ | Tamil | TAMIL VOWEL SIGN O | [0], [102] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ | ||
U+0BCB | ோ | Tamil | TAMIL VOWEL SIGN OO | [0], [102] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ | ||
U+0BCC | ௌ | Tamil | TAMIL VOWEL SIGN AU | [0], [102] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ | set 8 | |
U+0BCD | ் | Tamil | TAMIL SIGN VIRAMA | [0], [102] | Halant | follows-C | ✔ | = pulli | |
U+0D16 | ഖ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER KHA | [0] | ✗ | set 4 | Not part of repertoire | ||
U+0D1C | ജ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER JA | [0] | ✗ | set 2 | Not part of repertoire | ||
U+0D25 | ഥ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER THA | [0] | ✗ | set 3 | Not part of repertoire | ||
U+0D3F | ി | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN I | [0] | ✗ | set 6 | Not part of repertoire | ||
U+0D46 | െ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN E | [0] | ✗ | set 7 | Not part of repertoire | ||
U+0D47 | േ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN EE | [0] | ✗ | set 9 | Not part of repertoire |
Throughout this LGR, a code point sequence may be annotated with a string in ALL CAPS that is constructed on the same principle as a name for a Unicode Named Sequence. No claim is made that a sequence thus annotated is in fact a named sequence, nor that the annotation in such case actually corresponds to the formal name of a named sequence.
Number of variant sets | 9 | ||||
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Largest variant set | 2 | ||||
Ordinary Variants by Type |
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Reflexive Variants by Type |
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The following tables list all variant sets defined in this LGR, except for singleton sets. Each table lists all variant mapping pairs of the set; one per row. Mappings are assumed to be symmetric: each row documents both forward (→) and reverse (←) mapping directions. In each table, the mappings are sorted by Source value in ascending code point order; shading is used to group mappings from the same source code point or sequence.
Where the type of both forward and reverse mappings are the same, a single value is given in the Type column; otherwise the types for forward and reverse mappings, as well as comments and references, are listed above one another. For summary counts, both forward and reverse mappings are always counted separately.
A mapping where source and target are the same is reflexive. Variant sets consisting of only a single reflexive mapping are not shown as a set. Instead, the variant type of the mapping is listed in the Variants column of the Repertoire by Code Point table. Reflexive mappings that are part of a larger set are indicated with a “≡” and are counted once per entry.
In any LGR with variant specifications that are well behaved, all members within each variant set are defined as variants of each other; the mappings in each set are symmetric and transitive; and all variant sets are disjoint.
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
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0B92 0BB3 | ஒள | 0B94 | ஔ | ↔ | blocked | Tamil homoglyph |
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0B9C | ஜ | 0D1C | ജ | ↔ | blocked | Cross-script homoglyph | |
0D1C | ജ | 0D1C | ജ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var | Out-of-repertoire |
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0BAE | ம | 0D25 | ഥ | ↔ | blocked | Cross-script homoglyph | |
0D25 | ഥ | 0D25 | ഥ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var | Out-of-repertoire |
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0BB5 | வ | 0D16 | ഖ | ↔ | blocked | Cross-script homoglyph | |
0D16 | ഖ | 0D16 | ഖ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var | Out-of-repertoire |
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0BB6 0BCD 0BB0 0BC0 | ஶ்ரீ | 0BB8 0BCD 0BB0 0BC0 | ஸ்ரீ | ↔ | allocatable | Alternate for Tamil SHRII |
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0BBF | ி | 0D3F | ി | ↔ | blocked | Cross-script homoglyph | |
0D3F | ി | 0D3F | ി | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var | Out-of-repertoire |
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0BC6 | ெ | 0D46 | െ | ↔ | blocked | Cross-script homoglyph | |
0D46 | െ | 0D46 | െ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var | Out-of-repertoire |
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
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0BC6 0BB3 | ெள | 0BCC | ௌ | ↔ | blocked | Tamil Homoglyph |
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
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0BC7 | ே | 0D47 | േ | ↔ | blocked | Cross-script homoglyph | |
0D47 | േ | 0D47 | േ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var | Out-of-repertoire |
The following table lists all named and implicit classes with their definition and a list of their members intersected with the current repertoire (for larger classes, this list is elided).
Name | Definition | Count | Members or Ranges | Ref | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | Tag=Consonant | 23 | {0B95 0B99-0B9A 0B9C 0B9E-0B9F 0BA3-0BA4 0BA8-0BAA 0BAE-0BB9} | Any Tamil consonant | |
X | Tag=Visarga | 1 | {0B83} | The Tamil Visarga (aytham) | |
hyphen | Tag=Hyphen | 1 | {002D} | The Hyphen-minus character ⍟ | |
implicit | Tag=Common-digit | 10 | {0030-0039} | Any character tagged as Common-digit | |
implicit | Tag=Halant | 1 | {0BCD} | The character tagged as Halant | |
implicit | Tag=Matra | 11 | {0BBE-0BC2 0BC6-0BC8 0BCA-0BCC} | Any character tagged as Matra | |
implicit | Tag=Vowel | 12 | {0B85-0B8A 0B8E-0B90 0B92-0B94} | Any character tagged as Vowel | |
implicit | Tag=sc:Mlym | 6 | {0D16 0D1C 0D25 0D3F 0D46-0D47} | Any character tagged as Malayalam | |
implicit | Tag=sc:Taml | 48 | {0B83 0B85-0B8A 0B8E-0B90 0B92-0B95 0B99-0B9A 0B9C 0B9E-0B9F 0BA3-0BA4 0BA8-0BAA 0BAE-0BB9 0BBE-0BC2 0BC6-0BC8 0BCA-0BCD} | Any character tagged as Tamil | |
implicit | Tag=sc:Zyyy | 11 | {002D 0030-0039} | Any character tagged as Common |
The following table lists all named rules defined in the LGR and indicates whether they are used as trigger in an action or as context (when or not-when) for a code point or variant.
Name | Regular Expression | Used as Trigger |
Anchor | Used as Context |
Ref | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
leading-combining-mark | (start)[[\p{gc=Mn}] ∪ [\p{gc=Mc}]] |
✔ | [150] | RFC 5891 restrictions on placement of combining marks ⍟ | ||
hyphen-minus-disallowed | (((start))← ⚓)|(⚓ →((end)))|(((start)..[:hyphen:])← ⚓) |
✔ | C | [150] | RFC 5891 restrictions on placement of U+002D (-) ⍟ | |
follows-C | ([:C:])← ⚓ |
✔ | C | Section 7, WLE 1, 2: H and M must be preceded by C | ||
preceded-by-X | ⚓ →([:X:]) |
✔ | C | Section 7, WLE 3 , X cannot be preceded by X | ||
no-mix-sri-shri | (\u0BB6\u0BCD\u0BB0\u0BC0.*\u0BB8\u0BCD\u0BB0\u0BC0)|(\u0BB8\u0BCD\u0BB0\u0BC0.*\u0BB6\u0BCD\u0BB0\u0BC0) |
✔ | Section 7: WLE 4: Two representations of 'Shri' cannot be mixed in the same label | |||
ascii-only-label | (start)[\u002D\u0030-\u0039]+(end) |
✔ | [150] | RFC 5891 restriction requiring at least one non-ASCII code point ⍟ |
The following table lists the actions that are used to assign dispositions to labels and variant labels based on the specified conditions. The order of actions defines their precedence: the first action triggered by a label is the one defining its disposition.
# | Condition | Rule / Variant Set | Disposition | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | if label matches | leading-combining-mark | → | invalid | [150] | labels with leading combining marks are invalid ⍟ |
2 | if label matches | ascii-only-label | → | invalid | [150] | ascii-only labels invalid (not IDNs) ⍟ |
3 | if at least one variant is in | {out-of-repertoire-var} | → | invalid | any variant label with a code point out of repertoire is invalid ⍟ | |
4 | if label matches | no-mix-sri-shri | → | invalid | do not mix two representations of 'Shri' in the same label | |
5 | if at least one variant is in | {blocked} | → | blocked | any variant label containing blocked variants is blocked ⍟ | |
6 | if each variant is in | {allocatable} | → | allocatable | variant labels with all variants allocatable are allocatable ⍟ | |
7 | if any label (catch-all) | → | valid | catch all (default action) ⍟ |
The following lists the references cited for specific code points, variants, classes, rules or actions in this LGR. For General references refer to the "References" section in the Description.
[0] | The Unicode Standard 1.1 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 1.1 |
[7] | The Unicode Standard 1.1 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 4.1 |
[101] | Omniglot, Tamil, https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tamil.htm (Accessed on 21 Nov. 2017) |
[102] | Unicode 11.0.0, South and Central Asia-I, Page 488-493, R5 and R5a, https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/ch12.pdf (Accessed on 5 July. 2018) |
[103] | Tamil Sign Visarga, https://charbase.com/0b83-unicode-tamil-sign-visarga (Accessed on 27 Nov. 2017) |
[150] | RFC 5891, Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA): Protocol http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5891 |