Reference LGR for script: Malayalam (Mlym) | lgr-second-level-malayalam-script-24jan24-en |
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This document is mechanically formatted from the above XML file for the LGR. It provides additional summary data and explanatory text. The XML file remains the sole normative specification of the LGR.
Date | 2024-01-24 |
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LGR Version | 2 (Second Level Reference LGR) |
Language | und-Mlym (Malayalam Script) |
Unicode Version | 11.0.0 |
Description
INSTRUCTIONS
- These instructions cover how to adopt an LGR based on this reference LGR for a given zone and how to prepare the file for deposit in the IANA Repository of IDN Practices.
- As described the IANA procedure
(https://www.iana.org/help/idn-repository-procedure)
an LGR MUST contain the following elements in its header:- Script or Language Designator (see below for guidance)
- Version Number (this must increase with each amendment to the LGR, even if the updates are limited to the header itself)
- Effective Date (the date at which the policy becomes applicable in operational use)
- Registry Contact Details (contact name, email address, and/or phone number)
- The following information is optional:
- Document creation date
- Applicable Domain(s)
- Changes made to the Reference LGR before adopting
Please add or modify the following items in the XML source code for this file before
depositing the document in the IANA Repository.
(https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables)
Meta Data
Note: version numbers start at 1. RFC 7940 recommends using simple integers. The version comment is optional, please replace or delete the default comment. Version comments may be used by some tools as part of the page header.
<version comment="
[Please replace (or delete) the optional comment]">
[Please fill in version number, starting at 1]</version>
<date>
[Please fill in with publication date, in YYYY-MM-DD format]</date>
<validity-start>
[Please fill in effective date, in YYYY-MM-DD format]</validity-start>
Note: the scope element may be repeated, so that the same document can serve for multiple domains.
<scope type="domain">
[Please provide, in ".domain" format]</scope>
Registry Contact Information:
Please fill in the Registry Contact Details.
Change History
If you made technical modifications to the LGR, please summarize them in the Change History (and also note the details in the appropriate section of the description).
PLEASE DELETE THESE INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE DEPOSITING THE DOCUMENT
Registry Contact Details
- Contact Name: [Please fill in Contact Name]
- Email address: [Please fill in Email address]
- Phone Number: [Please fill in optional Phone Number]
Label Generation Rules for the Malayalam Script
Overview
This document specifies a set of Label Generation Rules (LGR) for the Malayalam script for the second level domain or domains identified above. The starting point for the development of this LGR can be found in the related Root Zone LGR [RZ-LGR-Mlym]. The format of this file follows [RFC 7940]. This LGR is adapted from the “Reference LGR for the Second Level for the Malayalam Script” [Ref-LGR-und-Mlym], for details, see Change History below.
For details and additional background on the Malayalam script, see “Proposal for a Malayalam Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR)” [Proposal-Malayalam].
Repertoire
The repertoire contains 70 code points for letters used in the Malayalam language in addition to ten sequences used in defining variants. The repertoire is a subset of [Unicode 11.0.0]. For details, see Section 5, “Repertoire” in [Proposal-Malayalam]. (The proposal cited has been adopted for the Malayalam script portion of the Root Zone LGR.)
For the second level, the repertoire has been augmented with the ASCII digits, U+0030 0 to U+0039 9, plus U+002D - HYPHEN-MINUS, for a total of 91 repertoire elements.
Any code points outside the Malayalam Script repertoire that are targets for out-of-repertoire variants would be included here only if the variant is listed in this file. In this case they are identified as a reflexive (identity) variant of type “out-of-repertoire-var”. Whether or not they are listed, they do not form part of the repertoire.
Repertoire Listing: Each code point or range is tagged with the script or scripts with which the code point is used, one or more tag values denoting character category, and one or more references documenting sufficient justification for inclusion in the repertoire, see “References” below.
Variants
The variants defined in this LGR are limited to those required for use in zones not shared with any other script. As such, this LGR does not define cross-script variants. However, using this LGR concurrently with any LGR for Tamil, Oriya, and Myanmar in the same zone will create potential cross-script issues. For details, see Section 6, “Variants” in [Proposal-Malayalam]. Mitigation of these cross-script variants can be addressed by using the Common LGR. For details, see Section 3, “Use of Multiple Reference LGRs in the Same Zone” in [Level-2-Overview]. In addition to variants defined by this LGR, the full variant information related to this script and added by concurrent use with the Tamil, Oriya, and Myanmar LGR(s) can be found in the following LGRs: [Ref-LGR-Tamil-Full-Variant-Script] and [Ref-LGR-Myanmar-Full-Variant-Script].
This LGR defines in-script variants as described in Section 6, “Variants”, in “[Proposal-Malayalam]”. One in-script variant is due to the multiple ways to write the conjunct “nta” in Malayalam.
Digit Variants: The Malayalam reference LGR does not include native digits, so there are no semantic variants defined.
By transitivity, all ASCII digits are semantic variants of any cross-script native digits. Any Malayalam label that is otherwise a cross-script variant of a label in another script, will remain a variant if both labels add digits of the same value in the same position, irrespective of whether they are ASCII digits or (in the case of the other script) native digits.
However, some Malayalam letters are homoglyphs of Malayalam native digits. For example, U+0D6A ൪ MALAYALAM DIGIT FOUR and U+0D6F ൯ MALAYALAM DIGIT NINE are homoglyphs of U+0D7C ർ MALAYALAM CHILLU RR and U+0D7D ൽ MALAYALAM CHILLU N respectively.
Should an extension be contemplated that adds native digits, these might require variant relations. At the same time, however, any native digits would normally be semantic variants of the ASCII digits. In any zone containing multiple scripts, these two types of variant relation for digits may lead to complication once transitivity is applied.
Context Rules for Variants: some of the variants defined in this LGR are “effective null variants”, that is, some code points in the source map to “nothing” in the target with all other code points unchanged. (Because mappings are symmetric, it does not matter whether it is the forward or reverse mapping that maps to “null”.) Such variants require a context rule to keep the variant set well behaved.
In other cases, the sequences or code points making up source and target are constrained by explicit context rules on the code points (or by implicit context rules defined for the adjacent code points). In such a case, any variants may require context rules that match the intersection between the effective contexts for both source and target; otherwise, a sequence might be considered valid in some variant label when it would not be valid in an equivalent context in an original label. Symmetry requires the same context rule for both forward and reverse mappings.
Variant Disposition: All variants are of type “blocked”, making labels that differ only by these variants mutually exclusive: whichever label containing either of these variants is chosen earlier would be delegated, while any other equivalent labels should be blocked. There is no preference among these labels.
This LGR does not define allocatable variants.
The specification of variants in this LGR follows the guidelines in [RFC 8228].
Character Classes
The basic characters in Malayalam are classified here into the following categories: Consonants, Vowels, Matra and Reordrant Vowel Diacritics, Halant, Visargam, Anusvaram and Chillu letters.
Consonant: Malayalam is written in an abugida script derived ultimately from Brahmi in which every consonant carries an inherent /a/. More details in Section 3.8, “The Structure of Malayalam Script" of [Proposal-Malayalam].
Vowels: Like consonants, the independent vowels can follow any other class of code points in a label.
Matra: Vowels other than the inherent vowel are written as vowel diacritics. They are referred to as Matras, when they follow consonants. More details in Section 3.8, “The Structure of Malayalam Script” of [Proposal-Malayalam].
Halant: A consonant can be combined with another consonant or conjunct using the halant encoded as U+0D4D ് MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA. This strips off the implicit vowel. More details in Section 3.8, “The Structure of Malayalam Script” of [Proposal-Malayalam].
Anusvaram: In Malayalam, anusvara represented as U+0D02 ം , simply represents a consonant /m/ after a vowel, though this /m/ may be assimilated to another nasal consonant. More details in Section 3.8, “The Structure of Malayalam Script" of [Proposal-Malayalam].
Visargam: The visarga represents a consonant /h/ after a vowel, and is transliterated as ḥ. Like the anusvara, it is a special symbol, and is never followed by an inherent vowel or another vowel. More details in Section 3.8, “The Structure of Malayalam Script" of [Proposal-Malayalam].
Chillu: Chillu letters, aka “Chillaksharam”, represent pure consonants without any vowel sound. More details in Section 3.8, “The Structure of Malayalam Script” of [Proposal-Malayalam].
Reordrant: Vowel diacritics, part of which reorder around the preceding character or conjunct. More details in Sections 6.1 “In-script Variants” and 7.1.1 “Variables or definitions” of [Proposal-Malayalam].
Whole Label Evaluation (WLE) and Context Rules
Common Rules
By default, the LGR includes the rules and actions to implement the following restrictions mandated by the IDNA protocol. They are marked with ⍟.
- Hyphen Restrictions — restrictions on the allowable placement of hyphens (no leading/ending hyphen and no hyphen in positions 3 and 4). These restrictions are described in Section 4.2.3.1 of RFC 5891 [150]. They are implemented here as context rule on U+002D (-) HYPHEN-MINUS.
- Leading Combining Marks — restrictions on the allowable placement of combining marks (no leading combining mark). This rule is described in Section 4.2.3.2 of RFC 5891 [150].
Default Actions
This LGR includes the default actions for LGRs as well as the action needed to invalidate labels with misplaced combining marks. They are marked with ⍟. For a description see [RFC 7940].
Malayalam-specific Rules
There are constraints on the context for many of the character classes in Malayalam. A corresponding set of context and whole label rules has been formulated for LGR specification, as described in Section 7, “Whole Label Evaluation (WLE) Rules” in [Proposal-Malayalam].
The following symbols are used in the WLE rules:
C → Consonant
M → Matra
V → Vowel
B → Anusvara
X → Visarga
D → Chandrabindu
H → Halant
L → Chillu
R → Reordrant Matra
Note: the Reordrant Matras include one sequence. That requires an auxiliary rule R in addition to class R.
The rules are:
- 1. H: must be preceded by C or U+0D41 ു VOWEL SIGN U
- 2. M: must be preceded by C
- 3. B: must be preceded by C, V or M
- 4. X: must be preceded by C, V or M
- 5. L: cannot be preceded by B, X or H
- 6. A label does not begin with L
The following context rules apply to Consonants U+0D33 ള RRA and U+0D31 റ LLA as well as to sequences ending in these code points:
- 7. The character U+0D33 ള cannot immediately follow U+0D33 ള, except as part of a defined sequence
- 8. The character U+0D31 റ cannot immediately follow U+0D31 റ, except as part of a defined sequence
Note: the implementation of Rules 7 & 8 relies on the fact that a context rule is not evaluated between code points in the same sequence. For example, if a label contains two adjacent U+0D33 U+0D33 ളള surrounded by other code points , the two code points can only be interpreted as the sequence U+0D33 U+0D33 ളള because a singleton U+0D33 ള is not allowed to be followed by another U+0D33 ള.
The following context rule applies to the sequence Chillu N + Halant (U+0D7B U+0D4D):
- 9. The sequence U+0D7B U+0D4D ൻ് must be preceded by C, L, M, V and must be followed by U+0D31 റ RRA
The following context rules apply to variants:
- V1: A variant is defined when followed by U+0D31 റ
- V2: A variant preceded by U+0D33 ള + Halant or followed by R or Halant + U+0D33 ള is not defined
- V3: A variant preceded by U+0D31 റ + Halant or followed by R or Halant + U+0D31 റ is not defined
These rules ensure that the variant label sets are well-behaved in cases where variant sequences overlap.
Note: any sequences ending with U+0D31 റ RRA would overlap with the various variant sequences beginning with 0D31, therefore this LGR drops the U+0D31 റ from the end of these sequences, but adds context rule V1, when="followed-by-0D31" instead. Because all the variants also end in U+0D31 റ, this results in the same generated variants as if the sequences had been defined with trailing U+0D31 റ, but now the variants are well-behaved in all contexts.
More details in Section 6.1, “In-script Variants” and Section 7, “Whole Label Evaluation Rules (WLE)” of [Proposal-Malayalam].
There are a number of cross-script homoglyphs to U+0D31 റ RRA, which would interact with the definition of in-script sequences and variants, leading to unacceptable complexity. These variants would affect only labels made solely of letters RRA, and no other labels. Rule 8 already restricts labels consisting solely of copies of the letter RRA to either “റ” or “ററ”, thus allowing only two such labels. The following rule disallows the remaining two possible labels, obviating any need to define these cross-script variants.
- 10. A label cannot consist solely of letters U+0D31 റ RRA
Malayalam-specific actions
WLE rules 6 and 10 trigger Malayalam-specific actions to invalidate any original and variant labels not satisfying the constraints. See Section 7, “Whole Label Evaluation (WLE) Rules” in [Proposal-Malayalam].
Methodology and Contributors
The LGR in this document has been adapted from the corresponding Reference LGR for the Second Level. The Second Level Reference LGR for the Malayalam Script was developed by Michel Suignard and Asmus Freytag, based on the Root Zone LGR for the Malayalam script and information contained or referenced therein; see [RZ-LGR-Mlym]. Suitable extensions for the second level have been applied according to the [Guidelines] and with community input. The original proposal for a Root Zone LGR for the Malayalam script, that this reference LGR is based on, was developed by the Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel (NBGP). For more information on methodology and contributors to the underlying Root Zone LGR, see Sections 4 and 8 in [Proposal-Malayalam], as well as [RZ-LGR-Overview].
Changes from Version Dated 15 December 2020
Unicode Version has been updated.
Changes from Version Dated 24 January 2024
Adopted from the Second Level Reference LGR for the Malayalam Script [Ref-LGR-und-Mlym] without normative changes.
References
The following general references are cited in this document:
- [Guidelines]
- ICANN, “Guidelines for Developing Reference LGRs for the Second Level”, (Los Angeles, California: ICANN, 27 May 2020),
https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/lgr-guidelines-second-level-27may20-en.pdf - [Level-2-Overview]
- Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, (ICANN),“Reference Label Generation Rules (LGR) for the Second Level: Overview and Summary” (PDF),
(Los Angeles, California: ICANN, 24 January 2024),
https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/level2-lgr-overview-summary-24jan24-en.pdf - [Proposal-Malayalam]
- Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel, “Proposal for a Malayalam Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR)”, 7 May 2020,
https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/proposal-malayalam-lgr-07may19-en.pdf - [Ref-LGR-und-Mlym]
- ICANN, Second Level Reference Label Generation Rules for the Malayalam Script (und-Mlym), 24 January 2024 (XML)
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-malayalam-script-24jan24-en.xml
non-normative HTML presentation:
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-malayalam-script-24jan24-en.html - [Ref-LGR-Myanmar-Full-Variant-Script]
- ICANN, Second Level Reference Label Generation Rules for the Myanmar Script (und-Mymr), 24 January 2024 (XML)
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-myanmar-full-variant-script-24jan24-en.xml
non-normative HTML presentation:
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-myanmar-full-variant-script-24jan24-en.html - [Ref-LGR-Tamil-Full-Variant-Script]
- ICANN, Second Level Reference Label Generation Rules for the Tamil Script (und-Taml), 24 January 2024 (XML)
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-tamil-full-variant-script-24jan24-en.xml
non-normative HTML presentation:
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-tamil-full-variant-script-24jan24-en.html - [RFC 7940]
- Davies, K. and A. Freytag, “Representing Label Generation Rulesets Using XML”,
RFC 7940, August 2016,
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7940 - [RFC 8228]
- A. Freytag, “Guidance on Designing Label Generation Rulesets (LGRs) Supporting Variant Labels”, RFC 8228, August 2017,
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8228 - [RZ-LGR-Mlym]
- ICANN, Root Zone Label Generation Rules for the Malayalam Script (und-Mlym), 26 May 2022 (XML)
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-5-malayalam-script-26may22-en.xml - [RZ-LGR-Overview]
- Integration Panel, “Root Zone Label Generation Rules (RZ LGR-5): Overview and Summary”, 26 May 2022 (PDF),
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-5-overview-26may22-en.pdf - [Unicode 11.0.0]
- The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0.0, (Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium, 2018. ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1)
https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/
For references consulted particularly in designing the repertoire for the Malayalam Script for the second level please see details in the Table of References below.
References [0] to [9] refer to the Unicode Standard versions in which the corresponding code points were initially encoded. Reference [106] corresponds to a source given in [Proposal-Malayalam] justifying the inclusion of the corresponding code points. Entries in the table may have multiple source reference values. In the listing of whole label evaluation and context rules, reference [150] indicates the source for common rules.
Repertoire
Repertoire Summary
Number of elements in repertoire | 91 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of code points for each script |
|
||||
Number of code points | 81 | ||||
Number of sequences | 10 | ||||
Longest code point sequence | 4 |
Repertoire by Code Point
The following table lists the repertoire by code point (or code point sequence). The data in the Script and Name column are extracted from the Unicode character database. Where a comment in the original LGR is equal to the character name, it has been suppressed.
For any code point or sequence for which a variant is defined, additional information is provided in the Variants column. See also the legend provided below the table.
Code Point |
Glyph | Script | Name | Ref | Tags | Required Context | Variants | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
U+002D | - | Common | HYPHEN-MINUS | [0] | not: hyphen-minus-disallowed | ⍟ | ||
U+0030 | 0 | Common | DIGIT ZERO | [0] | Common-digit | ⍟ | ||
U+0031 | 1 | Common | DIGIT ONE | [0] | Common-digit | ⍟ | ||
U+0032 | 2 | Common | DIGIT TWO | [0] | Common-digit | ⍟ | ||
U+0033 | 3 | Common | DIGIT THREE | [0] | Common-digit | ⍟ | ||
U+0034 | 4 | Common | DIGIT FOUR | [0] | Common-digit | ⍟ | ||
U+0035 | 5 | Common | DIGIT FIVE | [0] | Common-digit | ⍟ | ||
U+0036 | 6 | Common | DIGIT SIX | [0] | Common-digit | ⍟ | ||
U+0037 | 7 | Common | DIGIT SEVEN | [0] | Common-digit | ⍟ | ||
U+0038 | 8 | Common | DIGIT EIGHT | [0] | Common-digit | ⍟ | ||
U+0039 | 9 | Common | DIGIT NINE | [0] | Common-digit | ⍟ | ||
U+0D02 | ം | Malayalam | MALAYALAM SIGN ANUSVARA | [0], [106] | Anusvaram | follows-C-V-or-M | ||
U+0D03 | ഃ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM SIGN VISARGA | [0], [106] | Visargam | follows-C-V-or-M | ||
U+0D05 | അ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER A | [0], [106] | Vowel | |||
U+0D06 | ആ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER AA | [0], [106] | Vowel | |||
U+0D07 | ഇ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER I | [0], [106] | Vowel | |||
U+0D08 | ഈ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER II | [0], [106] | Vowel | |||
U+0D09 | ഉ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER U | [0], [106] | Vowel | |||
U+0D0A | ഊ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER UU | [0], [106] | Vowel | |||
U+0D0B | ഋ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER VOCALIC R | [0], [106] | Vowel | |||
U+0D0E | എ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER E | [0], [106] | Vowel | |||
U+0D0F | ഏ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER EE | [0], [106] | Vowel | |||
U+0D10 | ഐ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER AI | [0], [106] | Vowel | |||
U+0D12 | ഒ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER O | [0], [106] | Vowel | |||
U+0D13 | ഓ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER OO | [0], [106] | Vowel | |||
U+0D14 | ഔ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER AU | [0], [106] | Vowel | |||
U+0D15 | ക | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER KA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D16 | ഖ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER KHA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D17 | ഗ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER GA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D18 | ഘ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER GHA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D19 | ങ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER NGA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D1A | ച | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER CA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D1B | ഛ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER CHA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D1C | ജ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER JA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D1D | ഝ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER JHA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D1E | ഞ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER NYA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D1F | ട | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER TTA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D20 | ഠ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER TTHA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D21 | ഡ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER DDA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D22 | ഢ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER DDHA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D23 | ണ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER NNA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D24 | ത | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER TA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D25 | ഥ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER THA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D26 | ദ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER DA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D27 | ധ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER DHA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D28 | ന | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER NA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D28 U+0D4D | ന് | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER NA + MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA | [0], [106] | [Consonant] + [Halant] | not: follows-B-X-or-H | set 1 | |
U+0D2A | പ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER PA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D2B | ഫ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER PHA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D2C | ബ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER BA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D2D | ഭ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER BHA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D2E | മ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER MA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D2F | യ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER YA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D30 | ര | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER RA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D31 | റ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER RRA | [0], [106] | Consonant | not: follows-0D31 | ||
U+0D31 U+0D31 | ററ | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER RRA + MALAYALAM LETTER RRA | [Consonant] + [Consonant] | not: follows-0D31 | set 2 | ||
U+0D31 U+0D31 U+0D4D U+0D31 | ററ്റ | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER RRA + MALAYALAM LETTER RRA + MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA + MALAYALAM LETTER RRA | [Consonant] + [Consonant] + [Halant] + [Consonant] | not: follows-0D31 | set 3 | ||
U+0D31 U+0D4D U+0D31 | റ്റ | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER RRA + MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA + MALAYALAM LETTER RRA | [Consonant] + [Halant] + [Consonant] | not: follows-0D31 | set 2 | ||
U+0D31 U+0D4D U+0D31 U+0D31 | റ്ററ | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER RRA + MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA + MALAYALAM LETTER RRA + MALAYALAM LETTER RRA | [Consonant] + [Halant] + [Consonant] + [Consonant] | not: follows-0D31 | set 3 | ||
U+0D32 | ല | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER LA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D33 | ള | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER LLA | [0], [106] | Consonant | not: follows-0D33 | ||
U+0D33 U+0D33 | ളള | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER LLA + MALAYALAM LETTER LLA | [Consonant] + [Consonant] | not: follows-0D33 | set 4 | ||
U+0D33 U+0D33 U+0D4D U+0D33 | ളള്ള | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER LLA + MALAYALAM LETTER LLA + MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA + MALAYALAM LETTER LLA | [Consonant] + [Consonant] + [Halant] + [Consonant] | not: follows-0D33 | set 5 | ||
U+0D33 U+0D4D U+0D33 | ള്ള | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER LLA + MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA + MALAYALAM LETTER LLA | [Consonant] + [Halant] + [Consonant] | not: follows-0D33 | set 4 | ||
U+0D33 U+0D4D U+0D33 U+0D33 | ള്ളള | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER LLA + MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA + MALAYALAM LETTER LLA + MALAYALAM LETTER LLA | [Consonant] + [Halant] + [Consonant] + [Consonant] | not: follows-0D33 | set 5 | ||
U+0D34 | ഴ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER LLLA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D35 | വ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER VA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D36 | ശ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER SHA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D37 | ഷ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER SSA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D38 | സ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER SA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D39 | ഹ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER HA | [0], [106] | Consonant | |||
U+0D3E | ാ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN AA | [0], [106] | Matra | follows-C | ||
U+0D3F | ി | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN I | [0], [106] | Matra | follows-C | ||
U+0D40 | ീ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN II | [0], [106] | Matra | follows-C | ||
U+0D41 | ു | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN U | [0], [106] | Matra | follows-C | ||
U+0D42 | ൂ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN UU | [0], [106] | Matra | follows-C | ||
U+0D43 | ൃ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R | [0], [106] | Matra | follows-C | ||
U+0D46 | െ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN E | [0], [106] | Matra, R | follows-C | ||
U+0D47 | േ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN EE | [0], [106] | Matra, R | follows-C | ||
U+0D48 | ൈ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN AI | [0], [106] | Matra, R | follows-C | ||
U+0D4A | ൊ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN O | [0], [106] | Matra, R | follows-C | ||
U+0D4B | ോ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN OO | [0], [106] | Matra, R | follows-C | ||
U+0D4D | ് | Malayalam | MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA | [0], [106] | Halant | follows-C-or-0D41 | ||
U+0D57 | ൗ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM AU LENGTH MARK | [0], [106] | Matra | follows-C | ||
U+0D7A | ൺ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU NN | [9], [106] | Chillu | not: follows-B-X-or-H | ||
U+0D7B | ൻ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU N | [9], [106] | Chillu | not: follows-B-X-or-H | set 1 | |
U+0D7B U+0D4D | ൻ് | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU N + MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA | [Chillu] + [Halant] | follows-C-L-M-V-and-followed-by-03D1 | set 1 | ||
U+0D7C | ർ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU RR | [9], [106] | Chillu | not: follows-B-X-or-H | ||
U+0D7D | ൽ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU L | [9], [106] | Chillu | not: follows-B-X-or-H | ||
U+0D7E | ൾ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU LL | [9], [106] | Chillu | not: follows-B-X-or-H | ||
U+0D7F | ൿ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU K | [9], [106] | Chillu | not: follows-B-X-or-H |
Throughout this LGR, a code point sequence may be annotated with a string in ALL CAPS that is constructed on the same principle as a name for a Unicode Named Sequence. No claim is made that a sequence thus annotated is in fact a named sequence, nor that the annotation in such case actually corresponds to the formal name of a named sequence.
- Code Point
- A code point or code point sequence.
- Glyph
- The shape displayed depends on the fonts available to your browser.
- Script
- Shows the script property value from the Unicode Character Database. Combining marks may have the value Inherited and code points used with more than one script may have the value Common. Sequences are annotated with a set of all distinct script values.
- Name
- Shows the character or sequence name from the Unicode Character Database. Named sequences are listed with their normative names, for ad-hoc sequences the individual names are shown separated by “+”.
- Ref
- Links to the references associated with the code point or sequence, if any.
- Tags
- LGR-defined tag values. Any tags matching the Unicode script property are suppressed in this view. For sequences, the tags for all member code points are shown in [] for information; sequences as such do not have tags.
- Required Context
- Link to a rule defining the required context a code point or sequence must satisfy. If prefixed by “not:” identifies a context that must not occur.
- Variants
- Link to the variant set the code point or sequence is a member of, except where a coded point or sequence maps only to itself, in which case the type of that mapping is listed.
- Comment
- The comment as given in the XML file. However, if the comment for this row consists only of the code point or sequence name, it is suppressed in this view. By convention, comments starting with “=” denote an alias. If present, the symbol ⍟ marks a default item shared among a set of LGRs.
Variants
Variant Set Summary
Number of variant sets | 5 | |
---|---|---|
Largest variant set | 3 | |
Variants by Type |
|
Variant Sets
The following tables list all variant sets defined in this LGR, except for singleton sets. Each table lists all variant mapping pairs of the set; one per row. Mappings are assumed to be symmetric: each row documents both forward (→) and reverse (←) mapping directions. In each table, the mappings are sorted by Source value in ascending code point order; shading is used to group mappings from the same source code point or sequence.
Where the type of both forward and reverse mappings are the same, a single value is given in the Type column; otherwise the types for forward and reverse mappings, as well as comments and references, are listed above one another. For summary counts, both forward and reverse mappings are always counted separately.
In any LGR with variant specifications that are well behaved, all members within each variant set are defined as variants of each other; the mappings in each set are symmetric and transitive; and variant sets for each context are disjoint, but code points that have variants with multiple contexts are members of more than one set.
- Source
- By convention, the smaller of the two code points in a variant mapping pair.
- Target
- By convention, the larger of the two code points in a variant mapping pair.
- Glyph
- The shape displayed for source or target depends on the fonts available to your browser.
- → - forward
- Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to the mapping from source to target.
- ← - reverse
- Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to the reverse mapping from target to source.
- ↔ - both
- Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to both forward and reverse mapping.
- Type
- The type of the variant mapping, including predefined variant types such as “allocatable” and “blocked”; or any that are defined specifically for this LGR.
- Required Context
- Link to the rule defining a required context the source must satisfy for the variant mapping to be defined. If prefixed by “not:”, identifies a context that must not occur.
- Ref
- One or more reference IDs (optional). A “/” separates references for reverse / forward mappings, if different.
- Comment
- A descriptive comment (optional). A “/” separates comments for reverse / forward mappings, if different.
Variant Set 1 — 3 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Required Context | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0D28 0D4D | ന് | 0D7B | ൻ | ↔ | blocked | followed-by-0D31 | ||
0D28 0D4D | ന് | 0D7B 0D4D | ൻ് | ↔ | blocked | followed-by-0D31 | ||
0D7B | ൻ | 0D7B 0D4D | ൻ് | ↔ | blocked | followed-by-0D31 |
Variant Set 2 — 2 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Required Context | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0D31 0D31 | ററ | 0D31 0D4D 0D31 | റ്റ | ↔ | blocked | not: follows-0D31-0D4D-or-followed-by-0D4D-0D31-or-R |
Variant Set 3 — 2 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Required Context | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0D31 0D31 0D4D 0D31 | ററ്റ | 0D31 0D4D 0D31 0D31 | റ്ററ | ↔ | blocked | not: followed-by-R |
Variant Set 4 — 2 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Required Context | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0D33 0D33 | ളള | 0D33 0D4D 0D33 | ള്ള | ↔ | blocked | not: follows-0D33-0D4D-or-followed-by-0D4D-0D33-or-R |
Variant Set 5 — 2 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Required Context | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0D33 0D33 0D4D 0D33 | ളള്ള | 0D33 0D4D 0D33 0D33 | ള്ളള | ↔ | blocked | not: followed-by-R |
Classes, Rules and Actions
Character Classes
Number of named classes | 8 |
---|---|
Implicit (except script) | 1 |
Implict defined by script tag | 2 |
The following table lists all named and implicit classes with their definition and a list of their members intersected with the current repertoire (for larger classes, this list is elided).
Name | Definition | Count | Members or Ranges | Ref | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | Tag=Consonant | 36 | {0D15-0D28 0D2A-0D39} | Any Malayalam consonant | |
V | Tag=Vowel | 13 | {0D05-0D0B 0D0E-0D10 0D12-0D14} | Any Malayalam independent vowel | |
M | Tag=Matra | 12 | {0D3E-0D43 0D46-0D48 0D4A-0D4B 0D57} | Any Malayalam vowel sign (matra) | |
H | Tag=Halant | 1 | {0D4D} | The Malayalam Halant/Virama | |
B | Tag=Anusvaram | 1 | {0D02} | The Malayalam Anusvaram | |
X | Tag=Visargam | 1 | {0D03} | The Malayalam Visargam | |
L | Tag=Chillu | 6 | {0D7A-0D7F} | Any Malayalam chillu (consonant without any vowel sound) | |
R | Tag=R | 5 | {0D46-0D48 0D4A-0D4B} | Any Malayalam reordrant vowel sign | |
implicit | Tag=Common-digit | 10 | {0030-0039} | Any character tagged as Common-digit | |
implicit | Tag=sc:Mlym | 70 | {0D02-0D03 0D05-0D0B 0D0E-0D10 0D12-0D28 0D2A-0D39 0D3E-0D43 0D46-0D48 0D4A-0D4B 0D4D 0D57 0D7A-0D7F} | Any character tagged as Malayalam | |
implicit | Tag=sc:Zyyy | 11 | {002D 0030-0039} | Any character tagged as Common |
- Members or Ranges
- Lists the members of the class as code points (xxx) or as ranges of code points (xxx-yyy). Any class too numerous to list in full is elided with "...".
- Tag=ttt
- A named or implicit class defined by all code points that share the given tag value (ttt).
- Implicit
- An anonymous class implicitly defined based on tag value and for which there is no named equivalent.
Whole label evaluation and context rules
Number of rules | 16 |
---|---|
Used to trigger actions | 3 |
Used as context rule (C) | 8 |
Used as context rule (V) | 4 |
Anchored context rules | 12 |
Used only in another rule | 1 |
The following table lists all named rules defined in the LGR and indicates whether they are used as trigger in an action or as context (when or not-when) for a code point or variant.
Name | Regular Expression | Used as Trigger |
Anchor | Used as Context |
Ref | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
leading-combining-mark | (start)[[\p{gc=Mn}] ∪ [\p{gc=Mc}]] |
✔ | [150] | RFC 5891 restrictions on placement of combining marks ⍟ | ||
hyphen-minus-disallowed | (((start))← ⚓︎)|(⚓︎ →((end)))|(((start)..\u002D)← ⚓︎) |
✔ | C | [150] | RFC 5891 restrictions on placement of U+002D - ⍟ | |
follows-C-or-0D41 | ([:C:]|\u0D41)← ⚓︎ |
✔ | C | Section 7, WLE 1: Rule 1: H must be preceded by C or U+0D41 ു | ||
follows-C | ([:C:])← ⚓︎ |
✔ | C | Section 7, WLE 2: M must be preceded by C | ||
follows-C-V-or-M | ([:C:]|[:V:]|[:M:])← ⚓︎ |
✔ | C | Section 7, WLE 3: B must be preceded by C, V or M and WLE 4: X must be preceded by C, V or M | ||
follows-B-X-or-H | ([:B:]|[:X:]|[:H:])← ⚓︎ |
✔ | C | Section 7, WLE 5: L cannot be preceded by B, X or H | ||
begins-with-L | (start)[:L:] |
✔ | Section 7, WLE 6: Label does not begin with L | |||
follows-0D33 | (\u0D33)← ⚓︎ |
✔ | C | Section 7, WLE 7. The character U+0D33 ള cannot immediately follow U+0D33 ള, except as part of a defined sequence | ||
follows-0D31 | (\u0D31)← ⚓︎ |
✔ | C | Section 7, WLE 8. The character U+0D31 റ cannot immediately follow U+0D31 റ, except as part of a defined sequence | ||
follows-C-L-M-V-and-followed-by-03D1 | ([:C:]|[:L:]|[:M:]|[:V:])← ⚓︎ →(\u0D31) |
✔ | C | Section 7, WLE 9: Sequence U+0D7B U+0D4D ൻ് must be preceded by C, L, M, V and must be followed by U+0D31 റ | ||
reordrant-matra | [:R:]|\u0D4D\u0D30 |
Reordrant matras, including sequence U+0D4D U+0D30 ്ര | ||||
followed-by-R | ⚓︎ →((:reordrant-matra:)) |
✔ | V | variant not defined if followed by reordrant matra | ||
followed-by-0D31 | ⚓︎ →(\u0D31) |
✔ | V | Section 6.1, V1: A variant is defined when followed by U+0D31 റ | ||
follows-0D33-0D4D-or-followed-by-0D4D-0D33-or-R | ((\u0D33\u0D4D)← ⚓︎)|(⚓︎ →(\u0D4D\u0D33|(:reordrant-matra:))) |
✔ | V | Section 6.1, V2: variant not defined if preceded by U+0D33 ള + Halant or followed by Halant + U+0D33 ള or R | ||
follows-0D31-0D4D-or-followed-by-0D4D-0D31-or-R | ((\u0D31\u0D4D)← ⚓︎)|(⚓︎ →(\u0D4D\u0D31|(:reordrant-matra:))) |
✔ | V | Section 6.1, V3: variant not defined if preceded by U+0D31 റ + Halant or followed by Halant + U+0D31 റ or R | ||
only-RRA | (start)\u0D31+(end) |
✔ | Section 7, WLE 10: Labels consisting solely of the letter RRA are disallowed to limit cross-script interaction |
- Used as Trigger
- This rule triggers one of the actions listed below.
- Used as Context
- This rule defines a required or prohibited context for a code point C or variant V.
- Anchor
- This rule has a placeholder for the code point for which it is evaluated.
- Regular Expression
- A regular expression equivalent to the rule, shown in a modified notation as noted:
- ⚓︎ - context anchor
- Placeholder for the actual code point when a context is evaluated. The code point must occur at the position corresponding to the anchor. Rules containing an anchor cannot be used as triggers.
- (...)← - look-behind
- If present encloses required context preceding the anchor.
- →(..) - look-ahead
- If present encloses required context following the anchor.
- (: :) - rule reference
- Non-recursive reference to a named rule.
- ( ) - group
- An anonymous nested rule is used to group match operators.
- (... | ...) - choice
- When there is more than one alternative in a rule, the choices are separated by the alternation operator (...|...).
- start or end
- (start) matches the start of the label; (end) matches the end of the label.
- . - any code point
- . matches any code point.
- *, +, ?, {n,m} - count operators
- * indicates 0 or more, + indicates one or more, and ? indicates up to one instance. {n,m} indicates at least n and at most m instances.
- [: :] - named or implicit character set
- Reference to a named character set [:name:] or an implicit character set [:tag:]. A leading “^” before name or tag indicates the set complement.
- [\p{ }] - property
- Set of all characters matching a given value for a Unicode property [\p{prop=val}]. Note: uppercase “\P” defines the complement of a property set.
- ∪, ∩, ∖, ∆ - set operators
- Sets may be combined by set operators (∪ = union, ∩ = intersection, ∖ = difference, ∆ = symmetric difference).
- ⍟ - default rule
- Rules marked with ⍟ are included by default and may or may not be triggered by any possible label under this LGR.
Actions
The following table lists the actions that are used to assign dispositions to labels and variant labels based on the specified conditions. The order of actions defines their precedence: the first action triggered by a label is the one defining its disposition.
# | Condition | Rule / Variant Set | Disposition | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | if label matches | leading-combining-mark | → | invalid | [150] | labels with leading combining marks are invalid ⍟ |
2 | if label matches | begins-with-L | → | invalid | Section 7, WLE 6: Label does not begin with L | |
3 | if label matches | only-RRA | → | invalid | Section 7, WLE 10: Label cannot contain only RRA | |
4 | if at least one variant is in | {out-of-repertoire-var} | → | invalid | any variant label with a code point out of repertoire is invalid ⍟ | |
5 | if at least one variant is in | {blocked} | → | blocked | any variant label containing blocked variants is blocked ⍟ | |
6 | if each variant is in | {allocatable} | → | allocatable | variant labels with all variants allocatable are allocatable ⍟ | |
7 | if any label (catch-all) | → | valid | catch all; default action ⍟ |
- {...} - variant type set
- In the “Rule/Variant Set” column, the notation {...} means a set of variant types.
- ⍟ - default action
- Actions marked with ⍟ are included by default and may or may not be triggered by any possible label under this LGR.
Note: The following variant types are used in one or more actions, but are not defined in this LGR: allocatable, out-of-repertoire-var. This is not necessarily an error.
Table of References
The following lists the references cited for specific code points, variants, classes, rules or actions in this LGR. For General references refer to the References section in the Description.
[0] | The Unicode Standard, Version 1.1 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 1.1 |
[9] | The Unicode Standard, Version 5.1 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 5.1 |
[106] | Omniglot, “Malayalam (മലയാളം):” https://www.omniglot.com/writing/malayalam.htm (Accessed on 5th July, 2018) |
[150] | RFC 5891, Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA): Protocol https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5891 |