Reference LGR for script: Latin (Latn)	lgr-second-level-latin-script-24jan24-en

This document is mechanically formatted from the above XML file for the LGR. It provides additional summary data and explanatory text. The XML file remains the sole normative specification of the LGR.

Date	2024-01-24
LGR Version	1 (Second Level Reference LGR)
Language	und-Latn (Latin Script)
Unicode Version	11.0.0

Description

INSTRUCTIONS

These instructions cover how to adopt an LGR based on this reference LGR for a given zone and how to prepare the file for deposit in the IANA Repository of IDN Practices.
As described the IANA procedure
(https://www.iana.org/help/idn-repository-procedure)
an LGR MUST contain the following elements in its header:
- Script or Language Designator (see below for guidance)
- Version Number (this must increase with each amendment to the LGR, even if the updates are limited to the header itself)
- Effective Date (the date at which the policy becomes applicable in operational use)
- Registry Contact Details (contact name, email address, and/or phone number)
The following information is optional:
- Document creation date
- Applicable Domain(s)
- Changes made to the Reference LGR before adopting

Please add or modify the following items in the XML source code for this file before depositing the document in the IANA Repository.
(https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables)

Meta Data

Note: version numbers start at 1. RFC 7940 recommends using simple integers. The version comment is optional, please replace or delete the default comment. Version comments may be used by some tools as part of the page header.

<version comment="[Please replace (or delete) the optional comment]">[Please fill in version number, starting at 1]</version>

<date>[Please fill in with publication date, in YYYY-MM-DD format]</date>

<validity-start>[Please fill in effective date, in YYYY-MM-DD format]</validity-start>

Note: the scope element may be repeated, so that the same document can serve for multiple domains.

<scope type="domain">[Please provide, in ".domain" format]</scope>

Registry Contact Information:

Please fill in the Registry Contact Details.

Change History

If you made technical modifications to the LGR, please summarize them in the Change History (and also note the details in the appropriate section of the description).

PLEASE DELETE THESE INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE DEPOSITING THE DOCUMENT

Registry Contact Details

Contact Name: [Please fill in Contact Name]
Email address: [Please fill in Email address]
Phone Number: [Please fill in optional Phone Number]

Label Generation Rules for the Latin Script

Overview

This document specifies a set of Label Generation Rules (LGR) for the Latin script for the second level domain or domains identified above. The starting point for the development of this LGR can be found in the related Root Zone LGR [RZ-LGR-Latn]. The format of this file follows [RFC 7940]. This LGR is adapted from the “Reference LGR for the Second Level for the Latin Script” [Ref-LGR-und-Latn], for details, see Change History below.

For details and additional background on the Latin script, see “Proposal for a Latin Script Root Zone Label Generation Rule-Set (LGR)” [Proposal-Latin].

Repertoire

The repertoire contains the 197 letters needed to write hundreds of languages in the Latin script. An additional 7 combining diacritical marks are available as part of 21 explicitly defined combining sequences. The repertoire is a subset of [Unicode 11.0.0]. For details, see Section 5, “Repertoire” in [Proposal-Latin]. (The proposal cited has been adopted for the Latin script portion of the Root Zone LGR.)

Compared to that source, an additional language is supported by adding the code point for the Middle Dot used in the Catalan Ela Geminada: U+006C U+00B7 U+006C l·l. Context rules limit U+00B7 · MIDDLE DOT to being bracketed by the letter “l”. (See also [280])

For the second level, the repertoire has been augmented with the ASCII digits, U+0030 0 to U+0039 9, plus U+002D - HYPHEN-MINUS, for a total of 231 repertoire elements.

Any code points outside the Latin Script repertoire that are targets for out-of-repertoire variants would be included here only if the variant is listed in this file. In this case they are identified as a reflexive (identity) variant of type “out-of-repertoire-var”. Whether or not they are listed, they do not form part of the repertoire.

Repertoire Listing: Each code point or range is tagged with the script or scripts with which the code point is used, and one or more references documenting sufficient justification for inclusion in the repertoire, see “References” below. For code points that are part of the repertoire, comments identify the languages using the code point along with their [EGIDS] level.

Background on Script and Principal Languages Using It

The Latin script is a major writing system of the world, and the most widely used in terms of the number of languages and speakers, with circa 70% of the world’s readers and writers making use of this script. From a list of 1,189 languages using the Latin script [Omniglot] the 212 languages that were taken into consideration contain all 182 languages with [EGIDS] level 1–4 together with many languages with EGIDS level 5, each spoken by more than 1 million estimated speakers. Altogether over 100 languages are cited here to justify specific additions to the repertoire, but many other languages may also be written using some subset of the repertoire of this LGR. In a few cases, code points were excluded in [MSR-5] due to security concerns; for the affected languages, only a subrepertoire could be supported. More details in Section 3, “Background on Script and Principal Languages Using It” of [Proposal-Latin].

Variants

The variants defined in this LGR are limited to those required for use in zones not shared with any other script. As such, this LGR does not define cross-script variants. However, using this LGR concurrently with any LGR for Armenian, Cyrillic, and Greek in the same zone will introduce some in-script variants due to cross-script variant transitivity. This will also create potential cross-script issues when used with the same LGRs. For details, see Section 6, “Variants” in [Proposal-Latin]. Mitigation of these in-script and cross-script variants can be addressed by using the Common LGR. For details, see Section 3, “Use of Multiple Reference LGRs in the Same Zone” in [Level-2-Overview]. In addition to variants defined by this LGR, the full variant information related to this script and added by concurrent use with the Armenian, Cyrillic, and Greek LGR(s) can be found in the following LGR: [Ref-LGR-Latin-Full-Variant-Script]

In particular, the Latin LGR contains a number of inscript variants resulting from transitivity with variants needed if the LGR is used concurrently with other LGRs from the related scripts, primarily due to variants with the Greek script. These variant definitions are required when using this LGR together with the Common LGR in label processing, but they also reflect a certain consistency in the approach to variants across typographically related scripts. They can be removed if the LGR is used strictly as standalone.

All other in-script variants defined in this LGR largely follow the methodology defined in Section 6, “Variants”, in [Proposal-Latin]. In a separate appendix that proposal identifies additional candidates for visually confusable code points (see [Proposal-Latin-Appendices]). They provide data on the basis of which additional variants, or fallback variants (see following) might be defined. However, doing so would require additional review and analysis that has not been carried out for this version of the LGR.

The LGR defines certain allocatable fallback variants as described in Section 4.5.5 “Allocatable Fallback Variants” in [Level-2-Overview]. A fallback variant is a variant label that uses substitute code points for code points or sequences not available (or not allowed) in some contexts, that would otherwise be required for a linguistically accurate rendering of some label.

When “fallback” variants are defined, two labels may be allocated: a single label with the spelling preferred by the applicant, plus a single fallback variant for that label. The fallback exclusively uses the fallback characters for any characters for which fallbacks are defined, while the “preferred” label may use any otherwise valid mix of code points. If the fallback variant is the one applied for, no other variant label is allocatable.

An allocatable fallback variant exists for the following pairs where the second element of each pair is the fallback:

U+00B7 · MIDDLE DOT and U+002D - HYPHEN-MINUS — the use of the hyphen as fallback to the middle dot in the Catalan Ela Geminada follows registry practice, see [281]. The variant is limited to an Ela Geminada context.
U+00DF ß LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S and the sequence of two letters “ss” (U+0073 U+0073) — IDNA2003 Compatibility: in IDNA2003, U+00DF ß LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S is mapped into “ss” (U+0073 U+0073). Note: the fallback is also used outside domain names, but also used in locale variants of German and the standard spelling.
U+0131 ı LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I and U+0069 i LATIN SMALL LETTER I — IDNA2003 Compatibility: in IDNA2003, U+0131 ı LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I is mapped into U+0069 i LATIN SMALL LETTER I.

Some second level LGRs provide ASCII fallback variants for some or all accented Latin characters. Likewise the U+0153 œ Small OE Ligature and U+00E6 æ Small AE ligature have ASCII fallbacks consisting of the nonligated “oe” and “ae” sequences. None of these fallbacks have been added to the current version of the LGR.

Overlapped Variant Sequence: Both “ss” and “s” coexist in the repertoire and “s” has variant relationships on its own. These variants thus overlap: making the variant set well-behaved for index variant calculation requires that the sequence “ss” also be given variants to all permutations of variants for the letter s followed by itself, as well as all transitive variants due to other variants for U+00DF ß.

In-script Variant Mapping Types

In each of the fallback variant pairs defined above, the mapping type from the first element to the second is of type “fallback”, while the variant type for the other direction is “blocked”. In addition, the first element of each pair uses the reflexive mapping “r-original”. (By convention, the prefix “r-” marks a type used in a reflexive variant mapping, that is, it represents an instance of the original code point at that location in a variant label, see Section 5.3.4 in [RFC 7940].)

Variant Disposition: Except for limited exceptions for the fallback variants defined above, variants defined here result in a variant label disposition of “blocked”.

The specification of variants in this LGR follows the guidelines in [RFC 8228].

Character Classes

This LGR does not define named character classes.

Whole Label Evaluation (WLE) and Context rules

Default Whole Label Evaluation Rules and Actions

By default, the LGR includes the rules and actions to implement the following restrictions mandated by the IDNA protocol. They are marked with ⍟.

Hyphen Restrictions — restrictions on the allowable placement of hyphens (no leading/ending hyphen and no hyphen in positions 3 and 4). These restrictions are described in Section 4.2.3.1 of RFC 5891 [320]. They are implemented here as context rule on U+002D (-) HYPHEN-MINUS.
Leading Combining Marks — restrictions on the allowable placement of combining marks (no leading combining mark). This rule is described in Section 4.2.3.2 of RFC 5891 [320].

Latin-specific Rules

The following context rule applies to U+00B7 · MIDDLE DOT and its variants. It ensures that the middle dot is part of an Ela Geminada sequence and variants between it and HYPHEN-MINUS are only defined in that context.

surrounded-by-L — code points are invalid and variants undefined when not surrounded by “l”

The following WLE rule invalidates labels in which two Ela Geminada sequences overlap.

dot-L-dot — labels sharing a single “l” with two different middle dots are invalid

Actions

Default Actions

This LGR includes the default actions for LGRs as well as the action needed to invalidate labels with misplaced combining marks. They are marked with ⍟. For a description see [RFC 7940].

Because this LGR defines allocatable fallback variants the following default actions are applicable.

blocked — a variant label containing a blocked variant will receive a disposition of “blocked”.
r-original — a label containing one or more of this reflexive variant type and no others represents an original label and receives a disposition of “valid”.
fallback — a label containing one or more of these variant types and no others represents a label that contains only fallback variants and receives a disposition of “allocatable”.
fallback plus other — any label remaining containing both this variant type and any others receives a disposition of “blocked”.

These actions resolve as “allocatable” any label where all variants are of type “fallback”, and as “valid” any label where all variants are of type “r-original”. Labels with a mix of variant types are resolved as “blocked”.

To account for original code points in a permuted variant, reflexive variant mappings with an “r-” prefix are used. (See [RFC 7940]). In particular, the mapping type “r-original” is given to any code point that has a fallback mapping, but that appears in its non-fallback form in the original label, and thus “maps to itself”.

Default actions that are triggered by the LGR-specific variant types described above limit the “allocatable” variant labels to those containing only “ss”, dotted “i” or hyphen variants, while disallowing mixed use of “ss” and “ß”, Dotless i and “i”, or middle-dot and hyphen respectively, except as in the original applied-for label.

Note that the mapping types for variants are not symmetric: they depend on which code point is considered the source or the target in a given mapping. As specified in [RFC 7940], when mapping types are evaluated code points in a label that are unchanged use the type of their “reflexive” mapping. Per [RFC 7940] the actions are always applied one after the other, and the evaluation stops at the first action that assigns a disposition to a given label.

Script-specific Actions

An action has been defined to invalidate labels containing the sequence U+00B7 U+006C U+00B7 ·l· which could otherwise result in two Ela Geminada sequences overlapping.

Methodology and Contributors

The LGR in this document has been adapted from the corresponding Reference LGR for the Second Level. The Second Level Reference LGR for the Latin Script was developed by Michel Suignard and Asmus Freytag, based on the Root Zone LGR for the Latin script and information contained or referenced therein; see [RZ-LGR-Latn]. Suitable extensions for the second level have been applied according to the [Guidelines] and with community input. The original proposal for a Root Zone LGR for the Latin script, that this LGR is based on, was developed by the Latin Generation Panel. For more information on methodology and contributors to the underlying Root Zone LGR, see Sections 4 and 8 in [Proposal-Latin], as well as [RZ-LGR-Overview].

Changes from Version Dated 24 January 2024

Adopted from the Second Level Reference LGR for the Latin Script [Ref-LGR-und-Latn] without normative changes.

References

The following general references are cited in this document:

[EGIDS]: Lewis and Simons, “EGIDS: Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale,” documented in [SIL-Ethnologue] and summarized here:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_Graded_Intergenerational_Disruption_Scale_(EGIDS)
[Guidelines]: ICANN, “Guidelines for Developing Reference LGRs for the Second Level”, (Los Angeles, California: ICANN, 27 May 2020),
https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/lgr-guidelines-second-level-27may20-en.pdf
[Level-2-Overview]: Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, (ICANN),“Reference Label Generation Rules (LGR) for the Second Level: Overview and Summary” (PDF), (Los Angeles, California: ICANN, 24 January 2024),
https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/level2-lgr-overview-summary-24jan24-en.pdf
[MSR-5]: Integration Panel, “Maximal Starting Repertoire — MSR-5 Overview and Rationale”, 24 June 2021,
https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/msr-5-overview-24jun21-en.pdf
[Omniglot]: Omniglot, “Writing Systems by Language”,
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/langalph.htm
(accessed on 13 January 2022)
[Proposal-Latin]: Latin Generation Panel, “Proposal for a Latin Script Root Zone Label Generation Rule-Set (LGR)”, 27 January 2022 (PDF),
https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/proposal-latin-lgr-27jan22-en.pdf
[Proposal-Latin-Appendices]: Appendices to “Proposal for a Latin Script Root Zone Label Generation Rule-Set (LGR)”, 27 January 2022 (ZIP),
https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/proposal-latin-lgr-appendices-27jan22-en.zip
[Ref-LGR-und-Latn]: ICANN, Second Level Reference Label Generation Rules for the Latin Script (und-Latn), 24 January 2024 (XML)
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-latin-script-24jan24-en.xml
non-normative HTML presentation:
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-latin-script-24jan24-en.html
[Ref-LGR-Latin-Full-Variant-Script]: ICANN, Second Level Reference Label Generation Rules for the Latin Script (und-Latn), 24 January 2024 (XML)
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-latin-full-variant-script-24jan24-en.xml
non-normative HTML presentation:
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-latin-full-variant-script-24jan24-en.html
[RFC 7940]: Davies, K. and A. Freytag, “Representing Label Generation Rulesets Using XML”, RFC 7940, August 2016,
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7940
[RFC 8228]: A. Freytag, “Guidance on Designing Label Generation Rulesets (LGRs) Supporting Variant Labels”, RFC 8228, August 2017,
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8228
[RZ-LGR-Overview]: Integration Panel, “Root Zone Label Generation Rules (RZ LGR-5): Overview and Summary”, 26 May 2022 (PDF),
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-5-overview-26may22-en.pdf
[RZ-LGR-5]: Integration Panel, “Root Zone Label Generation Rules (RZ-LGR-5)”, 26 May 2022 (XML),
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-5-common-26may22-en.xml
non-normative HTML presentation:
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-5-common-26may22-en.html
[RZ-LGR-Latn]: ICANN, Root Zone Label Generation Rules for the Latin Script (und-Latn), 26 May 2022 (XML)
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-5-latin-script-26may22-en.xml
[SIL-Ethnologue]: David M. Eberhard, Gary F. Simons & Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2021. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twenty fourth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version available as
https://www.ethnologue.com
[Unicode 11.0.0]: The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0.0, (Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium, 2018. ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1)
https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/

For references consulted particularly in designing the repertoire for the Latin Script for the second level please see details in the Table of References below.

References [0] and up refer to the Unicode Standard versions in which corresponding code points were initially encoded. References [101] and up correspond to a source given in [Proposal-Latin] for justifying the inclusion of the corresponding code points. In the listing of whole label evaluation and context rules, reference [320] indicates the source for common rules.

Repertoire

Repertoire Summary

Number of elements in repertoire

231

Number of code points
for each script

Latin	197
Common	12

Number of code points

209

Number of sequences

Longest code point sequence

Code points defined via sequence

Repertoire by Code Point

The following table lists the repertoire by code point (or code point sequence). The data in the Script and Name column are extracted from the Unicode character database. Where a comment in the original LGR is equal to the character name, it has been suppressed.

Some code points that may be part of a valid label under this LGR only occur as part of one or more sequences. Such code points are not listed individually in the table.

For any code point or sequence for which a variant is defined, additional information is provided in the Variants column. See also the legend provided below the table.

Code Point	Glyph	Script	Name	Ref	Tags	Required Context	Variants	Comment
U+002D	-	Common	HYPHEN-MINUS	[0]		not: hyphen-minus-disallowed	set 1	⍟
U+0030	0	Common	DIGIT ZERO	[0]	Common-digit			⍟
U+0031	1	Common	DIGIT ONE	[0]	Common-digit			⍟
U+0032	2	Common	DIGIT TWO	[0]	Common-digit			⍟
U+0033	3	Common	DIGIT THREE	[0]	Common-digit			⍟
U+0034	4	Common	DIGIT FOUR	[0]	Common-digit			⍟
U+0035	5	Common	DIGIT FIVE	[0]	Common-digit			⍟
U+0036	6	Common	DIGIT SIX	[0]	Common-digit			⍟
U+0037	7	Common	DIGIT SEVEN	[0]	Common-digit			⍟
U+0038	8	Common	DIGIT EIGHT	[0]	Common-digit			⍟
U+0039	9	Common	DIGIT NINE	[0]	Common-digit			⍟
U+0061	a	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER A	[0], [99]			set 2	Basic Latin
U+0061 U+0331	a̱	{Latin, Inherited}	LATIN SMALL LETTER A + COMBINING MACRON BELOW	[129], [146]				Nuer (4)
U+0062	b	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER B	[0], [99]				Basic Latin
U+0063	c	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER C	[0], [99]				Basic Latin
U+0064	d	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER D	[0], [99]				Basic Latin
U+0065	e	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER E	[0], [99]				Basic Latin
U+0065 U+0331	e̱	{Latin, Inherited}	LATIN SMALL LETTER E + COMBINING MACRON BELOW	[146]				Nuer (4)
U+0066	f	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER F	[0], [99]			set 3	Basic Latin
U+0067	g	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER G	[0], [99]				Basic Latin
U+0067 U+0303	g̃	{Latin, Inherited}	LATIN SMALL LETTER G + COMBINING TILDE	[142], [143]			set 4	Guarani (1)
U+0068	h	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER H	[0], [99]				Basic Latin
U+0069	i	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER I	[0], [99]			set 5	Basic Latin
U+0069 U+0331	i̱	{Latin, Inherited}	LATIN SMALL LETTER I + COMBINING MACRON BELOW	[146]				Nuer (4)
U+006A	j	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER J	[0], [99]				Basic Latin
U+006B	k	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER K	[0], [99]				Basic Latin
U+006C	l	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER L	[0], [99]				Basic Latin
U+006D	m	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER M	[0], [99]				Basic Latin
U+006D U+0327	m̧	{Latin, Inherited}	LATIN SMALL LETTER M + COMBINING CEDILLA	[136], [213], [214]				Marshallese (1)
U+006E	n	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER N	[0], [99]			set 6	Basic Latin
U+006E U+0304	n̄	{Latin, Inherited}	LATIN SMALL LETTER N + COMBINING MACRON	[136], [200], [213]			set 7	Raga (Hano) (3), Marshallese (1)
U+006E U+0308	n̈	{Latin, Inherited}	LATIN SMALL LETTER N + COMBINING DIAERESIS	[276]				Malagasy (1)
U+006F	o	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER O	[0], [99]			set 8	Basic Latin
U+006F U+0327	o̧	{Latin, Inherited}	LATIN SMALL LETTER O + COMBINING CEDILLA	[136]				Marshallese (1)
U+006F U+0331	o̱	{Latin, Inherited}	LATIN SMALL LETTER O + COMBINING MACRON BELOW	[129], [146]				Nuer (4)
U+0070	p	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER P	[0], [99]				Basic Latin
U+0071	q	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER Q	[0], [99]				Basic Latin
U+0072	r	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER R	[0], [99]				Basic Latin
U+0072 U+0303	r̃	{Latin, Inherited}	LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH TILDE	[147]				Hausa (2)
U+0073	s	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER S	[0], [99]				Basic Latin
U+0073 U+0073	ss	{Latin}	LATIN SMALL LETTER S + LATIN SMALL LETTER S				set 9	Sequence added for variant mapping
U+0074	t	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER T	[0], [99]				Basic Latin
U+0075	u	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER U	[0], [99]			set 10	Basic Latin
U+0076	v	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER V	[0], [99]				Basic Latin
U+0077	w	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER W	[0], [99]				Basic Latin
U+0078	x	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER X	[0], [99]				Basic Latin
U+0079	y	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER Y	[0], [99]			set 11	Basic Latin
U+007A	z	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER Z	[0], [99]				Basic Latin
U+00B7	·	Common	MIDDLE DOT	[0], [100], [279], [280]		surrounded-by-L	set 1	Catalan (2)
U+00DF	ß	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S	[0], [119]			set 9	German (1)
U+00E0	à	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE	[0], [106], [114], [130], [131], [132]			set 12	Italian (1), French (1), Galician (2), Wolof (4)
U+00E1	á	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE	[0], [100], [101], [102], [103], [105], [106], [107], [108]			set 2	Spanish (1), Czech (1), Icelandic (1), Faroese (2), Chuukese (2), Galician (2), Lule Sami (2), Northern Sami (2)
U+00E2	â	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX	[0], [106], [109], [110], [113], [114], [115], [116], [117], [275]				Vietnamese (1), Romanian (1), Skolt Sami (2), French (1), Galician (2), West Frisian (1), Friulian (4), Xavante (4)
U+00E3	ã	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH TILDE	[0], [141], [142], [143], [144], [145]			set 13	Umbundu (3), Guarani (1), Nauruan (3), Khoekhoe (4)
U+00E4	ä	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS	[0], [107], [119], [120], [121], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [128], [129]				German (1), Finnish (1), Turkmen (1), Estonian (1), Swedish (1), Lule Sami (2), Yapese (2), Dinka (4), Kaqchikel (4), Bashkir (4), Alsatian (5), Nuer (4)
U+00E5	å	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE	[0], [107], [120], [123], [139], [140]				Danish (1), Finnish (1), Chamorro (1), Swedish (1), Lule Sami (2)
U+00E6	æ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER AE	[0], [102], [103], [139]				Danish (1), Icelandic (1), Faroese (2)
U+00E7	ç	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA	[0], [106], [114], [116], [121], [127], [157], [158], [159], [160], [161]				Turkish (1), Turkmen (1), Kurdish (2), French (1), Azerbaijani (1), Basque (1), Galician (2), Friulian (4), Bashkir (4)
U+00E8	è	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE	[0], [114], [130], [175], [182], [183]				French (1), Italian (1), Afrikaans (1), Haitian Creole (1), French (1)
U+00E9	é	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE	[0], [100], [101], [102], [105], [106], [114], [115], [117], [130], [132], [275]				French (1), Italian (1), Spanish (1), Czech (1), Icelandic (1), Chuukese (2), Galician (2), Wolof (4), Xavante (4), West Frisian (2)
U+00EA	ê	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX	[0], [109], [114], [115], [116], [158], [173], [174], [175]				French (1), Tswana (1), Afrikaans (1), Vietnamese (1), Kurdish (2), West Frisian (2), Friulian (4)
U+00EB	ë	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS	[0], [114], [115], [124], [126], [129], [132], [175], [176], [177], [179], [180]				Afrikaans (1), Albanian (1), French (1), Uyghur (2), Yapese (2), Wolof (4), Drehu (4), Kaqchikel (4), West Frisian (2), Nuer (4)
U+00EC	ì	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH GRAVE	[0], [130], [206], [208]				Italian (1)
U+00ED	í	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE	[0], [100], [101], [102], [103], [106], [127]			set 5	Spanish (1), Czech (1), Icelandic (1), Faroese (2), Galician (2), Bashkir (4)
U+00EE	î	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX	[0], [110], [114], [116], [158], [175]				Afrikaans (1), Romanian (1), Kurdish (2), French (1), Friulian (4)
U+00EF	ï	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS	[0], [114], [115], [125], [126], [175]			set 5	Afrikaans (1), French (1), Kaqchikel (4), Dinka (4), West Frisian (2)
U+00F0	ð	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH	[0], [102], [103]				Faroese (2), Icelandic (1)
U+00F1	ñ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE	[0], [106], [127], [132], [136], [142], [143], [144], [149], [160], [197], [205], [221], [222], [223], [224], [225], [226], [227], [228], [229]			set 7	Spanish (1), Fula (3), Chamorro (1), Filipino (1), Guarani (1), Chavacano (4), Basque (1), Galician (2), Iloco (3), Quechua (3), Cape Verdean Creole (4), Waray-Waray (3), Wolof (4), Nauruan (3), Lozi (4), Bashkir (4), Marshallese (1), Mandinka (5), Igbo (2)
U+00F2	ò	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH GRAVE	[0], [130], [182], [183]			set 14	Italian (1), Haitian Creole (1)
U+00F3	ó	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE	[0], [100], [101], [102], [105], [106], [132], [152]			set 8	Spanish (1), Polish (1), Czech (1), Icelandic (1), Chuukese (2), Galician (2), Wolof (4)
U+00F4	ô	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX	[0], [106], [109], [114], [115], [116], [117], [173], [174], [175], [230], [275]				Tswana (1), Afrikaans (1), Vietnamese (1), French (1), Northern Sotho (1), West Frisian (2), Galician (2), Friulian (4), Xavante (4)
U+00F5	õ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE	[0], [113], [117], [122], [141], [142], [143], [144], [145], [275]			set 15	Estonian (1), Skolt Sami (2), Umbundu (3), Guarani (1), Nauruan (3), Xavante (4), Khoekhoe (4)
U+00F6	ö	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS	[0], [115], [119], [120], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [129], [157], [175], [179], [180], [232]				German (1), Finnish (1), Afrikaans (1), Turkish (1), Swedish (1), Uygur (2), Yapese (2), Drehu (4), Kaqchikel (4), Dinka (4), Bashkir (4), Chechen (2), 1992 Version, West Frisian (2), Nuer (4)
U+00F8	ø	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE	[0], [103], [139]				Danish (1), Faroese (2)
U+00F9	ù	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE	[0], [114], [130], [206], [245], [246], [253]			set 16	Italian (1), French (1), Papiamento (1)
U+00FA	ú	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE	[0], [100], [101], [102], [103], [105], [106], [115]			set 10	Spanish (1), Czech (1), Icelandic (1), Faroese (2), Chuukese (2), West Frisian (2), Galician (2)
U+00FB	û	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX	[0], [114], [115], [116], [158], [175], [202], [243]				Afrikaans (1), Kurdish (2), French (1), Miskito (2), West Frisian (2), Friulian (4), Zazaki (4)
U+00FC	ü	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS	[0], [100], [106], [114], [119], [123], [126], [127], [157], [159], [161], [175], [179]			set 10	German (1), Spanish (1), Afrikaans (1), Turkish (1), Swedish (1), French (1), Azeri (1), Basque (1), Galician (2), Uygur (2), Kaqchikel (4), Bashkir (4)
U+00FD	ý	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE	[0], [101], [102], [103], [121], [142], [143]			set 17	Turkmen (1), Czech (1), Icelandic (1), Faroese (2), Guarani (1)
U+00FE	þ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN	[0], [102]				Icelandic (1)
U+00FF	ÿ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS	[0], [114], [253], [257]				French (1)
U+0101	ā	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH MACRON	[0], [133], [134], [135], [136]			set 13	Latvian (1), Tongan (1), Hawaiian (2), Marshallese (1)
U+0103	ă	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE	[0], [109], [110]				Vietnamese (1), Romanian (1)
U+0105	ą	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH OGONEK	[0], [137], [138]				Polish (1), Lithuanian (1)
U+0107	ć	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH ACUTE	[0], [150], [151], [152]			set 18	Croatian (1), Serbian (1), Polish (1)
U+0109	ĉ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CIRCUMFLEX	[0], [255]				Esperanto (3)
U+010B	ċ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH DOT ABOVE	[0], [163]			set 18	Maltese (1)
U+010D	č	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CARON	[0], [108], [133], [150], [151], [153], [154]				Croatian (1), Serbian (1), Latvian (1), Slovak (1), Northern Sami (2), Lithuanian (1)
U+010F	ď	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH CARON	[0], [101], [153]				Czech (1), Slovak (1)
U+0111	đ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE	[0], [108], [109], [150], [151], [168]				Croatian (1), Serbian (1), Vietnamese (1), Northern Sami (2), Brahui (5)
U+0113	ē	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH MACRON	[0], [133], [134], [135], [184]			set 19	Latvian (1), Hawaiian (2), Tongan (1), Minangkabau (5)
U+0117	ė	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT ABOVE	[0], [138], [154]				Lithuanian (1)
U+0119	ę	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH OGONEK	[0], [138], [152], [154], [185]				Polish (1), Palauan (2), Lithuanian (1)
U+011B	ě	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CARON	[0], [101], [172]				Czech (1), Sorbian (4)
U+011D	ĝ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH CIRCUMFLEX	[0], [255]				Esperanto (3)
U+011F	ğ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH BREVE	[0], [127], [157], [159], [201], [202]			set 20	Turkish (1), Tatar (2), Azeri (1), Bashkir (4), Zaza (5)
U+0121	ġ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH DOT ABOVE	[0], [163]			set 21	Maltese (1)
U+0123	ģ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH CEDILLA	[0], [133], [168]			set 21	Latvian (1), Brahui (5)
U+0125	ĥ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH CIRCUMFLEX	[0], [255]				Esperanto (3)
U+0127	ħ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH STROKE	[0], [163]				Maltese (1)
U+0129	ĩ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH TILDE	[0], [142], [143], [145], [186], [209]			set 22	Guarani (1), Cubeo (3), Khoekhoe (4), Kikuyu (5)
U+012B	ī	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH MACRON	[0], [133], [134], [135], [138]			set 22	Latvian (1), Lithuanian (1), Hawaiian (2), Tongan (1)
U+012F	į	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH OGONEK	[0], [154]				Lithuanian (1)
U+0131	ı	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I	[0], [157], [159], [201], [203]			set 5	Turkish (1), Tatar (2), Azeri (1)
U+0135	ĵ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER J WITH CIRCUMFLEX	[0], [255]				Esperanto (3)
U+0137	ķ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH CEDILLA	[0], [133]				Latvian (1)
U+013A	ĺ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH ACUTE	[0], [153]				Slovak (1)
U+013C	ļ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CEDILLA	[0], [133], [168], [213], [214]				Latvian (1), Marshallese (1), Brahui (5)
U+013E	ľ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CARON	[0], [153]				Slovak (1)
U+0142	ł	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH STROKE	[0], [152]				Polish (1)
U+0144	ń	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH ACUTE	[0], [107], [152], [168], [172]			set 6	Polish (1), Lule Sami (2), Sorbian (4), Brahui (5)
U+0146	ņ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CEDILLA	[0], [133], [136]				Latvian (1), Marshallese (1)
U+0148	ň	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CARON	[0], [101], [121], [153]				Turkmen (1), Czech (1), Slovak (1)
U+014B	ŋ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER ENG	[0], [108], [125], [129], [132], [146], [148], [170], [188], [189], [190], [191], [192], [193], [194], [195], [196], [197], [198], [199]			set 6	Inari Saami (2), Dagaare - Burkina Faso (4), Dagbani (Dagomba), (4), Northern Sami (2), Ewondo (3), Luganda (3), Wolof (4), Adzera (4), Nuer (4), Ga (4), Dinka (4), Duala (3), Ewe (3), Soga (5), Alur (5), Mandinka (5), Acholi (5), Bambara (4), Nuer (4)
U+014D	ō	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH MACRON	[0], [134], [135], [136]			set 15	Hawaiian (2), Marshallese (1), Tongan (1)
U+0151	ő	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOUBLE ACUTE	[0], [233], [234]				Hungarian (1)
U+0153	œ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE	[0], [114], [253]				French (1)
U+0155	ŕ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH ACUTE	[0], [153], [168]				Slovak (1), Brahui (5)
U+0159	ř	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH CARON	[0], [101], [172]				Czech (1), Sorbian (4)
U+015B	ś	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH ACUTE	[0], [152], [258]				Polish (1), Montenegrin (1)
U+015D	ŝ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CIRCUMFLEX	[0], [255]				Esperanto (3)
U+015F	ş	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CEDILLA	[0], [121], [127], [157], [158], [159], [168], [201], [202]				Turkish (1), Turkmen (1), Kurdish (2), Tatar (2), Azeri (1), Bashkir (4), Brahui (5), Zaza (5)
U+0161	š	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON	[0], [108], [133], [150], [151], [154], [174], [230]				Tswana (1), Croatian (1), Serbian (1), Latvian (1), Northern Sotho (1), Northern Sami (2), Lithuanian (1)
U+0165	ť	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH CARON	[0], [101], [153]				Czech (1), Slovak (1)
U+0167	ŧ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH STROKE	[0], [108], [168]				Northern Sami (2), Brahui (5)
U+0169	ũ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE	[0], [141], [142], [143], [144], [145], [209]			set 23	Umbundu (3), Guarani (1), Nauruan (3), Khoekhoe (4), Kikuyu (5)
U+016B	ū	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH MACRON	[0], [133], [134], [135], [136], [138], [154]			set 23	Latvian (1), Hawaiian (2), Lithuanian (1), Marshallese (1), Tongan (1)
U+016D	ŭ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH BREVE	[0], [255]				Esperanto (3)
U+016F	ů	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH RING ABOVE	[0], [101]				Czech (1)
U+0171	ű	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DOUBLE ACUTE	[0], [233], [234]				Hungarian (1)
U+0173	ų	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH OGONEK	[0], [138], [154]				Lithuanian (1)
U+0175	ŵ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH CIRCUMFLEX	[0], [247], [256]				Chichewa (3), Welsh (2)
U+0177	ŷ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH CIRCUMFLEX	[0], [256]				Welsh (2)
U+017A	ź	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH ACUTE	[0], [152], [168], [172], [252], [258]			set 24	Polish (1), Brahui (5), Sorbian (4), Montenegrin (1)
U+017C	ż	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH DOT ABOVE	[0], [152], [163]			set 24	Polish (1), Maltese (1)
U+017E	ž	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON	[0], [108], [121], [133], [150], [151], [153], [154], [232]				Lithuanian (1), Croatian (1), Serbian (1), Turkmen (1), Latvian (1), Slovak (1), Northern Sami (2), Chechen (2) 1925 Version
U+0188	ƈ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH HOOK	[0], [277]				Serer (5)
U+0192	ƒ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH HOOK	[0], [170]			set 3	Ewe (3)
U+0199	ƙ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH HOOK	[0], [147]				Hausa (2)
U+01A1	ơ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+01A5	ƥ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH HOOK	[0], [277]				Serer (5)
U+01AD	ƭ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH HOOK	[0], [277]				Serer (5)
U+01B0	ư	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+01B4	ƴ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH HOOK	[0], [148], [149], [251]				Dagaare - Burkina Faso (4), Fula (3)
U+01DD	ǝ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED E	[0], [240]			set 25	Kanuri (3)
U+01E7	ǧ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH CARON	[0], [113]			set 20	Skolt Sami (2)
U+01E9	ǩ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH CARON	[0], [113]				Skolt Sami (2)
U+01EF	ǯ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH WITH CARON	[0], [113]				Skolt Sami (2)
U+0219	ș	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH COMMA BELOW	[3], [110]				Romanian (1)
U+021B	ț	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH COMMA BELOW	[3], [110]				Romanian (1)
U+024D	ɍ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH STROKE	[8], [240]				Kanuri (3)
U+0253	ɓ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH HOOK	[0], [147], [148], [250]				Hausa (2), Dagaare - Burkina Faso (4), Pulaar (3)
U+0254	ɔ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O	[0], [129], [146], [148], [169], [170], [189], [190], [193], [194], [236], [237]				Dagaare - Burkina Faso (4), Dagbani (Dagomba) (4), Lingala (2), Akan (3), Ewondo (3), Fon (3), Nuer (4), Ga (4), Duala (3), EWE (3), Nuer (4)
U+0254 U+0308	ɔ̈	{Latin, Inherited}	LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O + COMBINING DIAERESIS	[125]				DINKA (4)
U+0254 U+0331	ɔ̱	{Latin, Inherited}	LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O + COMBINING MACRON BELOW	[129], [146]				Nuer (4)
U+0256	ɖ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH TAIL	[0], [169], [170]				Fon (3), Ewe (3)
U+0257	ɗ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH HOOK	[0], [147], [149], [250]				Hausa (2), Fula (3)
U+0259	ə	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA	[0], [159], [170], [190], [241]			set 25	Azeri, Azerbaijani (1), Ewondo (3), Ewe (3), Bugis (3)
U+025B	ɛ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E	[0], [129], [148], [169], [170], [189], [190], [193], [194], [199], [212], [236], [237], [238]				Dagaare - Burkina Faso (4), Lingala (2), Akan (3), Ewondo (3), Dagbani (Dagomba), (4), Fon (3), Mossi (3), Ga (4), Ewe (3), Duala (3), Bambara (4), Nuer (4)
U+025B U+0308	ɛ̈	{Latin, Inherited}	LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E + COMBINING DIAERESIS	[125], [129], [146], [239]				Nuer (4), Dinka (4)
U+025B U+0331	ɛ̱	{Latin, Inherited}	LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E + COMBINING MACRON BELOW	[129], [146], [239]				Nuer (4)
U+025B U+0331 U+0308	ɛ̱̈	{Latin, Inherited}	LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E + COMBINING MACRON BELOW + COMBINING DIAERESIS	[129], [146], [239]				Nuer (4)
U+0260	ɠ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH HOOK	[0], [278]				Kpelle (5)
U+0263	ɣ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER GAMMA	[0], [125], [129], [146], [170], [189]			set 11	Dagbani (Dagomba) (4), Nuer (4), Dinka (4), Ewe (3), Nuer (4)
U+0268	ɨ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH STROKE	[0], [186], [189], [210], [211]				Cubeo (3), Dagbani (Dagomba) (4), HIxkaryána (4), Maasai (5)
U+0268 U+0303	ɨ̃	{Latin, Inherited}	LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH STROKE + COMBINING TILDE	[186]				Cubeo (3)
U+0269	ɩ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER IOTA	[0], [148], [212]			set 5	Dagaare - Burkina Faso (4), Mossi (3)
U+0272	ɲ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH LEFT HOOK	[0], [199], [218], [219]				Susu (4), Zarma (4), Bambara (4)
U+0289	ʉ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER U BAR	[0], [186], [187], [211]				Cubeo (3), Maasai (5)
U+0289 U+0303	ʉ̃	{Latin, Inherited}	LATIN SMALL LETTER U BAR + COMBINING TILDE	[186], [187]				Cubeo (3)
U+028B	ʋ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH HOOK	[0], [148], [170], [212], [238]			set 10	Dagaare - Burkina Faso (4), Mossi (3), Ewe (3)
U+0292	ʒ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH	[0], [113], [189]				Skolt Sami (2), Dagbani (Dagomba) (4)
U+1E13	ḓ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW	[0], [164], [257]				Venda (1)
U+1E21	ḡ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH MACRON	[0], [200]			set 4	Raga (Hano) (3)
U+1E3D	ḽ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW	[0], [164], [257]				Venda (1)
U+1E45	ṅ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH DOT ABOVE	[0], [164], [257]			set 6	Venda (1)
U+1E49	ṉ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH LINE BELOW	[0], [220]				Pitjantjatjara (4)
U+1E4B	ṋ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW	[0], [164], [257]				Venda (1)
U+1E63	ṣ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH DOT BELOW	[0], [254]				Yoruba (2)
U+1E6D	ṭ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH DOT BELOW	[0], [242]				Mizo (4)
U+1E71	ṱ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW	[0], [164], [257]				Venda (1)
U+1E8D	ẍ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH DIAERESIS	[0], [248], [249]				Mam (4)
U+1EA1	ạ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DOT BELOW	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EA3	ả	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH HOOK ABOVE	[0], [109]			set 12	Vietnamese (1)
U+1EA5	ấ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EA7	ầ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EA9	ẩ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EAB	ẫ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EAD	ậ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EAF	ắ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND ACUTE	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EB1	ằ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND GRAVE	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EB3	ẳ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND HOOK ABOVE	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EB5	ẵ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND TILDE	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EB7	ặ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND DOT BELOW	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EB9	ẹ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT BELOW	[0], [254]				Yoruba (2)
U+1EB9 U+0300	ẹ̀	{Latin, Inherited}	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT BELOW + COMBINING GRAVE ACCENT	[254]				Yoruba (2)
U+1EB9 U+0301	ẹ́	{Latin, Inherited}	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT BELOW + COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT	[254]				Yoruba (2)
U+1EBB	ẻ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH HOOK ABOVE	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EBD	ẽ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH TILDE	[0], [117], [141], [142], [143], [186], [187], [275]			set 19	Umbundu (3), Guarani (1), Cubeo (3), Xavante (4)
U+1EBF	ế	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EC1	ề	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EC3	ể	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EC5	ễ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EC7	ệ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EC9	ỉ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH HOOK ABOVE	[0], [109]			set 5	Vietnamese (1)
U+1ECB	ị	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DOT BELOW	[0], [205]				Igbo (2)
U+1ECD	ọ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOT BELOW	[0], [136], [204], [205], [215], [216], [254]				Igbo (2), Yoruba (2), Marshallese (1)
U+1ECD U+0300	ọ̀	{Latin, Inherited}	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOT BELOW + COMBINING GRAVE ACCENT	[254]				Yoruba (2)
U+1ECD U+0301	ọ́	{Latin, Inherited}	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOT BELOW + COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT	[254]				Yoruba (2)
U+1ECF	ỏ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HOOK ABOVE	[0], [109]			set 14	Vietnamese (1)
U+1ED1	ố	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1ED3	ồ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1ED5	ổ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1ED7	ỗ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1ED9	ộ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EDB	ớ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND ACUTE	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EDD	ờ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND GRAVE	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EDF	ở	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND HOOK ABOVE	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EE1	ỡ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND TILDE	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EE3	ợ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND DOT BELOW	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EE5	ụ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DOT BELOW	[0], [109], [204], [205]				Vietnamese (1), Igbo (2)
U+1EE7	ủ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HOOK ABOVE	[0], [109]			set 16	Vietnamese (1)
U+1EE9	ứ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND ACUTE	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EEB	ừ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND GRAVE	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EED	ử	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND HOOK ABOVE	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EEF	ữ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND TILDE	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EF1	ự	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND DOT BELOW	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EF3	ỳ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH GRAVE	[0], [109]			set 17	Vietnamese (1)
U+1EF5	ỵ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DOT BELOW	[0], [109]				Vietnamese (1)
U+1EF7	ỷ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH HOOK ABOVE	[0], [109]			set 17	Vietnamese (1)
U+1EF9	ỹ	Latin	LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH TILDE	[0], [109], [142]				Vietnamese (1), Guarani (1)

Legend

Throughout this LGR, a code point sequence may be annotated with a string in ALL CAPS that is constructed on the same principle as a name for a Unicode Named Sequence. No claim is made that a sequence thus annotated is in fact a named sequence, nor that the annotation in such case actually corresponds to the formal name of a named sequence.

Code Point: A code point or code point sequence.
Glyph: The shape displayed depends on the fonts available to your browser.
Script: Shows the script property value from the Unicode Character Database. Combining marks may have the value Inherited and code points used with more than one script may have the value Common. Sequences are annotated with a set of all distinct script values.
Name: Shows the character or sequence name from the Unicode Character Database. Named sequences are listed with their normative names, for ad-hoc sequences the individual names are shown separated by “+”.
Ref: Links to the references associated with the code point or sequence, if any.
Tags: LGR-defined tag values. Any tags matching the Unicode script property are suppressed in this view. For sequences, the tags for all member code points are shown in [] for information; sequences as such do not have tags.
Required Context: Link to a rule defining the required context a code point or sequence must satisfy. If prefixed by “not:” identifies a context that must not occur.
Variants: Link to the variant set the code point or sequence is a member of, except where a coded point or sequence maps only to itself, in which case the type of that mapping is listed.
Comment: The comment as given in the XML file. However, if the comment for this row consists only of the code point or sequence name, it is suppressed in this view. By convention, comments starting with “=” denote an alias. If present, the symbol ⍟ marks a default item shared among a set of LGRs.

Variants

Variant Set Summary

Number of variant sets

Largest variant set

Ordinary Variants by Type

blocked 99

fallback 3

Reflexive Variants by Type

r-original 3

Variant Sets

The following tables list all variant sets defined in this LGR, except for singleton sets. Each table lists all variant mapping pairs of the set; one per row. Mappings are assumed to be symmetric: each row documents both forward (→) and reverse (←) mapping directions. In each table, the mappings are sorted by Source value in ascending code point order; shading is used to group mappings from the same source code point or sequence.

Where the type of both forward and reverse mappings are the same, a single value is given in the Type column; otherwise the types for forward and reverse mappings, as well as comments and references, are listed above one another. For summary counts, both forward and reverse mappings are always counted separately.

A mapping where source and target are the same is reflexive. Variant sets consisting of only a single reflexive mapping are not shown as a set. Instead, the variant type of the mapping is listed in the Variants column of the Repertoire by Code Point table. Reflexive mappings that are part of a larger set are indicated with a “≡” and are counted once per entry.

In any LGR with variant specifications that are well behaved, all members within each variant set are defined as variants of each other; the mappings in each set are symmetric and transitive; and variant sets for each context are disjoint, but code points that have variants with multiple contexts are members of more than one set.

Common Legend

Source: By convention, the smaller of the two code points in a variant mapping pair.
Target: By convention, the larger of the two code points in a variant mapping pair.
Glyph: The shape displayed for source or target depends on the fonts available to your browser.
→ - forward: Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to the mapping from source to target.
← - reverse: Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to the reverse mapping from target to source.
↔ - both: Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to both forward and reverse mapping.
≡ - reflexive: Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment are for a reflexive mapping where source equals target.
Type: The type of the variant mapping, including predefined variant types such as “allocatable” and “blocked”; or any that are defined specifically for this LGR.
Required Context: Link to the rule defining a required context the source must satisfy for the variant mapping to be defined. If prefixed by “not:”, identifies a context that must not occur.
Ref: One or more reference IDs (optional). A “/” separates references for reverse / forward mappings, if different.
Comment: A descriptive comment (optional). A “/” separates comments for reverse / forward mappings, if different.

Variant Set 1 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type	Required Context	Ref	Comment
002D	-	00B7	·	→	blocked	surrounded-by-L	[281]	Middle dot in Ela Geminada
002D	-	00B7	·	←	fallback	surrounded-by-L		Fallback
00B7	·	00B7	·	≡	r-original	surrounded-by-L		Middle Dot in the original label

Variant Set 2 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type	Ref	Comment
0061	a	00E1	á	↔	blocked		Required for use with Common LGR

Variant Set 3 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type	Ref	Comment
0066	f	0192	ƒ	↔	blocked		Generally acceptable alternate glyph

Variant Set 4 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type	Ref	Comment
0067 0303	g̃	1E21	ḡ	↔	blocked		Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 5 — 6 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type	Comment
0069	i	00ED	í	↔	blocked	Required for use with Common LGR
0069	i	00EF	ï	↔	blocked	Required for use with Common LGR
0069	i	0131	ı	→	blocked	IDNA2003 Compatibility
0069	i	0131	ı	←	fallback	IDNA2003 Compatibility
0069	i	0269	ɩ	↔	blocked	Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
0069	i	1EC9	ỉ	↔	blocked	Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
00ED	í	00EF	ï	↔	blocked	Required for use with Common LGR
00ED	í	0131	ı	↔	blocked	Required for use with Common LGR
00ED	í	0269	ɩ	↔	blocked	Required for use with Common LGR
00ED	í	1EC9	ỉ	↔	blocked	Required for use with Common LGR
00EF	ï	0131	ı	↔	blocked	Required for use with Common LGR
00EF	ï	0269	ɩ	↔	blocked	Required for use with Common LGR
00EF	ï	1EC9	ỉ	↔	blocked	Required for use with Common LGR
0131	ı	0131	ı	≡	r-original	Dotless form in the original label
0131	ı	0269	ɩ	↔	blocked	Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
0131	ı	1EC9	ỉ	↔	blocked	Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
0269	ɩ	1EC9	ỉ	↔	blocked	Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 6 — 4 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type	Comment
006E	n	0144	ń	↔	blocked	Required for use with Common LGR
006E	n	014B	ŋ	↔	blocked	Required for use with Common LGR
006E	n	1E45	ṅ	↔	blocked	Required for use with Common LGR
0144	ń	014B	ŋ	↔	blocked	Required for use with Common LGR
0144	ń	1E45	ṅ	↔	blocked	Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
014B	ŋ	1E45	ṅ	↔	blocked	Required for use with Common LGR

Variant Set 7 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type	Ref	Comment
006E 0304	n̄	00F1	ñ	↔	blocked		Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 8 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type	Ref	Comment
006F	o	00F3	ó	↔	blocked		Required for use with Common LGR

Variant Set 9 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type	Comment
0073 0073	ss	00DF	ß	→	blocked	IDNA2003 Compatibility
0073 0073	ss	00DF	ß	←	fallback	IDNA2003 Compatibility
00DF	ß	00DF	ß	≡	r-original	Eszett in the original label

Variant Set 10 — 4 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type	Comment
0075	u	00FA	ú	↔	blocked	Required for use with Common LGR
0075	u	00FC	ü	↔	blocked	Required for use with Common LGR
0075	u	028B	ʋ	↔	blocked	Required for use with Common LGR
00FA	ú	00FC	ü	↔	blocked	Required for use with Common LGR
00FA	ú	028B	ʋ	↔	blocked	Required for use with Common LGR
00FC	ü	028B	ʋ	↔	blocked	Required for use with Common LGR

Variant Set 11 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type	Ref	Comment
0079	y	0263	ɣ	↔	blocked		Required for use with Common LGR

Variant Set 12 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type	Ref	Comment
00E0	à	1EA3	ả	↔	blocked		Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 13 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type	Ref	Comment
00E3	ã	0101	ā	↔	blocked		Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 14 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type	Ref	Comment
00F2	ò	1ECF	ỏ	↔	blocked		Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 15 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type	Ref	Comment
00F5	õ	014D	ō	↔	blocked		Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 16 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type	Ref	Comment
00F9	ù	1EE7	ủ	↔	blocked		Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 17 — 3 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type	Comment
00FD	ý	1EF3	ỳ	↔	blocked	Variant due to transitivity
00FD	ý	1EF7	ỷ	↔	blocked	Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical
1EF3	ỳ	1EF7	ỷ	↔	blocked	Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 18 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type	Ref	Comment
0107	ć	010B	ċ	↔	blocked		Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 19 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type	Ref	Comment
0113	ē	1EBD	ẽ	↔	blocked		Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 20 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type	Ref	Comment
011F	ğ	01E7	ǧ	↔	blocked		Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 21 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type	Ref	Comment
0121	ġ	0123	ģ	↔	blocked		Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 22 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type	Ref	Comment
0129	ĩ	012B	ī	↔	blocked		Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 23 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type	Ref	Comment
0169	ũ	016B	ū	↔	blocked		Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 24 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type	Ref	Comment
017A	ź	017C	ż	↔	blocked		Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Variant Set 25 — 2 Members

Source	Glyph	Target	Glyph		Type	Ref	Comment
01DD	ǝ	0259	ə	↔	blocked		Glyphs either homoglyph or nearly identical

Classes, Rules and Actions

Character Classes

Implicit (except script)	1
Implict defined by script tag	2

The following table lists all named and implicit classes with their definition and a list of their members intersected with the current repertoire (for larger classes, this list is elided).

Name	Definition	Count	Members or Ranges	Comment
implicit	Tag=Common-digit	10	{0030-0039}	Any character tagged as Common-digit
implicit	Tag=sc:Latn	197	{0061-007A 00DF-00F6 00F8-00FF 0101 0103 0105 0107 0109 010B 010D 010F 0111 0113 0117 0119 011B 011D 011F 0121 0123 0125 0127 0129 012B 012F 0131 0135 0137 ...}	Any character tagged as Latin
implicit	Tag=sc:Zyyy	12	{002D 0030-0039 00B7}	Any character tagged as Common

Legend

Members or Ranges: Lists the members of the class as code points (xxx) or as ranges of code points (xxx-yyy). Any class too numerous to list in full is elided with "...".
Tag=ttt: A named or implicit class defined by all code points that share the given tag value (ttt).
Implicit: An anonymous class implicitly defined based on tag value and for which there is no named equivalent.

Whole label evaluation and context rules

Number of rules	4
Used to trigger actions	2
Used as context rule (C)	2
Used as context rule (V)	1
Anchored context rules	2

The following table lists all named rules defined in the LGR and indicates whether they are used as trigger in an action or as context (when or not-when) for a code point or variant.

Name	Regular Expression	Used as Trigger	Anchor	Used as Context	Ref	Comment
leading-combining-mark	`(start)[[\p{gc=Mn}] ∪ [∅=\p{gc=Mc}]]`	✔			[320]	RFC 5891 restrictions on placement of combining marks ⍟
hyphen-minus-disallowed	`(((start))← ⚓︎)\|(⚓︎ →((end)))\|(((start)..\u002D)← ⚓︎)`		✔	C	[320]	RFC 5891 restrictions on placement of U+002D - ⍟
surrounded-by-L	`(\u006C)← ⚓︎ →(\u006C)`		✔	C, V		code point both follows and precedes L, required context for Ela Geminada
dot-L-dot	`\u00B7\u006C\u00B7`	✔				labels with one L sharing two middle dots are invalid

Legend

Used as Trigger: This rule triggers one of the actions listed below.
Used as Context: This rule defines a required or prohibited context for a code point C or variant V.
Anchor: This rule has a placeholder for the code point for which it is evaluated.
Regular Expression: A regular expression equivalent to the rule, shown in a modified notation as noted:
⚓︎ - context anchor: Placeholder for the actual code point when a context is evaluated. The code point must occur at the position corresponding to the anchor. Rules containing an anchor cannot be used as triggers.
(...)← - look-behind: If present encloses required context preceding the anchor.
→(..) - look-ahead: If present encloses required context following the anchor.
( ) - group: An anonymous nested rule is used to group match operators.
(... | ...) - choice: When there is more than one alternative in a rule, the choices are separated by the alternation operator (...|...).
start or end: (start) matches the start of the label; (end) matches the end of the label.
. - any code point: . matches any code point.
[\p{ }] - property: Set of all characters matching a given value for a Unicode property [\p{prop=val}]. Note: uppercase “\P” defines the complement of a property set.
∪, ∩, ∖, ∆ - set operators: Sets may be combined by set operators (∪ = union, ∩ = intersection, ∖ = difference, ∆ = symmetric difference).
∅= - empty set: Indicates that the following set is empty because of the result of set operations, or because none of its elements is part of the repertoire defined here. A rule with a non-optional empty set never matches.
⍟ - default rule: Rules marked with ⍟ are included by default and may or may not be triggered by any possible label under this LGR.

Actions

The following table lists the actions that are used to assign dispositions to labels and variant labels based on the specified conditions. The order of actions defines their precedence: the first action triggered by a label is the one defining its disposition.

#	Condition	Rule / Variant Set		Disposition	Comment
1	if label matches	leading-combining-mark	→	invalid	labels with leading combining marks are invalid ⍟
2	if at least one variant is in	{out-of-repertoire-var}	→	invalid	any variant label with a code point out of repertoire is invalid ⍟
3	if label matches	dot-L-dot	→	invalid	labels with one L sharing two middle dots are invalid
4	if at least one variant is in	{blocked}	→	blocked	any variant label containing blocked variants is blocked ⍟
5	if each variant is in	{allocatable}	→	allocatable	variant labels with all variants allocatable are allocatable ⍟
6	if each variant is in	{fallback}	→	allocatable	any label with all variants of type fallback is allocatable ⍟
7	if at least one variant is in	{fallback}	→	blocked	any variant label with a mix of variant forms is blocked ⍟
8	if each variant is in	{r-original}	→	valid	any remaining label containing only original code points is valid ⍟
9	if any label (catch-all)		→	valid	catch all (default action) ⍟

Legend

{...} - variant type set: In the “Rule/Variant Set” column, the notation {...} means a set of variant types.
⍟ - default action: Actions marked with ⍟ are included by default and may or may not be triggered by any possible label under this LGR.

Note: The following variant types are used in one or more actions, but are not defined in this LGR: allocatable, out-of-repertoire-var. This is not necessarily an error.

Table of References

The following lists the references cited for specific code points, variants, classes, rules or actions in this LGR. For General references refer to the References section in the Description.

[0]	The Unicode Standard, Version 1.1 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 1.1
[3]	The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 3.0
[8]	The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 5.0
[99]	C0 Controls and Basic Latin, The Unicode Standard https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0000.pdf Any code point cited is part of the Basic Latin (ASCII) set
[100]	ICANN, Second Level Reference Label Generation Rules for Spanish https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-spanish-30aug16-en.html (Accessed on 31 August 2018)
[101]	Omniglot, Czech (čeština) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/czech.htm (Accessed on 31 August 2018)
[102]	Omniglot, Icelandic (Íslenska) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/icelandic.htm (Accessed on 31 August 2018)
[103]	Omniglot, Faroese (føroyskt mál) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/faroese.htm (Accessed on 31 August 2018)
[105]	Omniglot, Chuukese (Chuuk) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/chuukese.htm (Accessed on 31 August 2018)
[106]	ScriptSource, Galician written with Latin script https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=wrSys_detail&key=gl-Latn (Accessed on 1 May 2023)
[107]	Omniglot, Lule Sámi (julevsámegiella) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/lulesami.htm (Accessed on 31 August 2018)
[108]	Wikipedia, Northern Sami https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Sami (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[109]	Omniglot, Vietnamese (tiếng việt / 㗂越) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/vietnamese.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[110]	Omniglot, Romanian (limba română) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/romanian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[113]	Omniglot, Skolt Sámi (Sääˊmǩiõll / Nuõrttsää’m) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/skoltsami.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[114]	Omniglot, French (français) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/french.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[115]	Omniglot, West Frisian (Frysk) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/westfrisian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[116]	Omniglot, Friulian (furlan/marilenghe) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/friulian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[117]	Summer Institute of Linguistics, Pequeno dicionário: Xavante-Português, Português-Xavante https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/17019 (Accessed on 1 October 2020)
[119]	Omniglot, German (Deutsch) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/german.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[120]	Omniglot, Finnish (suomi) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/finnish.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[121]	Omniglot, Turkmen (Türkmen dili / Түркмен дили) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/turkmen.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[122]	Omniglot, Estonian (eesti keel) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/estonian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[123]	Omniglot, Swedish (svenska) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/swedish.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[124]	Omniglot, Yapese (Waab) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/yapese.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[125]	Omniglot, Dinka (Thuɔŋjäŋ) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/dinka.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[126]	Omniglot, Kaqchikel (Kaqchikel Ch’ab’äl) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kaqchikel.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[127]	Omniglot, Bashkir/Bashkort (Башҡорт теле / Başqort tele) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/bashkir.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[128]	Omniglot, Alsatian (Ëlsässisch) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/alsatian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[129]	Wikipedia, Nuer language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuer_language (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[130]	Omniglot, Italian (italiano) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/italian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[131]	Wikipedia, Italian orthography https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_orthography (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[132]	Omniglot, Wolof (Wollof) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/wolof.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[133]	Omniglot, Latvian (latviešu valoda) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/latvian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[134]	Omniglot, Tongan (Faka-Tonga) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tongan.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[135]	Omniglot, Hawaiian (ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/hawaiian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[136]	Omniglot, Marshallese (kajin m̧ajeļ) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/marshallese.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[137]	Omniglot, Polish (polski) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/polish.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[138]	Omniglot, Lithuanian (lietuvių kalba) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/lithuanian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[139]	Omniglot, Danish (dansk) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/danish.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[140]	Omniglot, Chamorro (chamoru) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/chamorro.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[141]	Omniglot, Umbundu (Úmbúndú) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/umbundu.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[142]	Omniglot, Guaraní (Avañe’ẽ) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/guarani.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[143]	Wikipedia, Guarani alphabet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarani_alphabet (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[144]	Omniglot, Nauruan (Ekaiairũ Naoero) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/nauruan.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[145]	Omniglot, Khoekhoe (Khoekhoegowab) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/khoekhoe.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[146]	Omniglot, Nuer (Naath) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/nuer.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[147]	Omniglot, Hausa (Harshen Hausa / هَرْشَن هَوْسَ) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/hausa.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[148]	Omniglot, Dagaare https://www.omniglot.com/writing/dagaare.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[149]	Omniglot, Fula (Fulfulde, Pulaar, Pular’Fulaare) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/fula.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[150]	Omniglot, Croatian (Hrvatski) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/croatian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[151]	Omniglot, Serbian (српски / srpski) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/serbian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[152]	Wikipedia, Polish language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[153]	Omniglot, Slovak (slovenčina) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/slovak.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[154]	Evertype Publishing, Lithuanian lietuvių kalba Version 1.1 https://www.evertype.com/alphabets/lithuanian.pdf (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[157]	Omniglot, Turkish (Türkçe) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/turkish.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[158]	Omniglot, Kurdish (Kurdî / کوردی) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kurdish.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[159]	Omniglot, Azerbaijani (آذربايجانجا ديلي / Азәрбајҹан дили / Azərbaycan dili) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/azeri.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[160]	Omniglot, Basque (euskara) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/basque.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[161]	Wikipedia, Basque language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_language#Writing_system (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[163]	Omniglot, Maltese (Malti) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/maltese.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[164]	Omniglot, Venda (Tshivenḓa / Luvenḓa) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/venda.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[168]	Omniglot, Brahui (Bráhuí / براوی) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/brahui.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[169]	Wikipedia, Fon language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon_language (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[170]	Omniglot, Ewe (Eʋegbe) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/ewe.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[172]	Omniglot, Sorbian (hornjoserbsce/dolnoserbski) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/sorbian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[173]	Peace corps, Botswana, An Introduction to Setswana Language https://files.peacecorps.gov/multimedia/audio/languagelessons/botswana/Bw_Setswana_Language_Lessons.pdf (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[174]	Omniglot, Tswana (Setswana) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tswana.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[175]	Wikipedia, Afrikaans https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[176]	Omniglot, Albanian (shqip / gjuha shqipe) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/albanian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[177]	Wikipedia, Albanian alphabet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_alphabet (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[179]	Wikipedia, Uyghur Latin alphabet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_Latin_alphabet (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[180]	Omniglot, Drehu (Deʼu) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/drehu.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[182]	Omniglot, Haitian Creole (Kreyòl ayisyen) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/haitiancreole.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[183]	Wikipedia, Haitian Creole https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Creole#Orthography (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[184]	Omniglot, Minangkabau (Baso Minangkabau / باسو مينڠكاباو) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/minangkabau.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[185]	Omniglot, Palauan (a tekoi er a Belau) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/palauan.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[186]	Omniglot, Cubeo (pãmié) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/cubeo.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[187]	Editorial Alberto Lleras Camargo, Diccionario Ilustrado Bilingüe cubeo-español español-cubeo https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/10/58/27/10582785843693992331766506069073895620/40337_01.pdf (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[188]	Omniglot, Inari Saami (Anarâškielâ) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/inarisami.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[189]	Omniglot, Compiled by Wolfram Siegel, DAGBANI https://www.omniglot.com/charts/dagbani.pdf (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[190]	Omniglot, Ewondo https://www.omniglot.com/writing/ewondo.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[191]	Omniglot, Luganda (Oluganda) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/ganda.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[192]	Omniglot, Adzera https://www.omniglot.com/writing/adzera.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[193]	Omniglot, Ga (Gã) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/ga.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[194]	Omniglot, Duala (Duálá) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/duala.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[195]	Omniglot, Soga (Lusoga) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/soga.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[196]	Omniglot, Alur (Lur) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/alur.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[197]	Omniglot, Mandinka (Mandi’nka kango / لغة مندنكا) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mandinka.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[198]	Omniglot, Acholi (Lwo) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/acholi.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[199]	Omniglot, Bambara (Bamanankan) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/bambara.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[200]	Omniglot, Raga (Hano) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/raga.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[201]	Omniglot, Tatar (tatarça / татарча / تاتارچا) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tatar.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[202]	Omniglot, Zaza (Zazaki / زازاکی) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/zazaki.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[203]	Wikipedia, Turkish alphabet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_alphabet (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[204]	School of English, Adam Michiewicz University, Poznań, Poland, Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 43(1),2007, pp. 169-180, A Demographic Igbo Orthography https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/psicl.2007.43.issue-1/v10010-007-0009-0/v10010-007-0009-0.pdf (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[205]	Omniglot, Igbo (Asụsụ Igbo) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/igbo.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[206]	ItalianPod101, Italian Accents and Proper Italian Pronunciation https://www.italianpod101.com/italian-accents (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[208]	Reverso Dictionary, venerdì translation \| Italian-English dictionary https://dictionary.reverso.net/italian-english/venerd%C3%AC (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[209]	Omniglot, Kikuyu (Gĩkũyũ) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kikuyu.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[210]	Omniglot, Hixkaryána https://www.omniglot.com/writing/hixkaryana.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[211]	Omniglot, Maasai (ɔl Maa) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/maasai.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[212]	Omniglot, Mossi (Mòoré) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mossi.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[213]	Omniglot, Jenesis. The Bible in Marshallese, 2009., Contributed by Wolfgang Kuhl https://www.omniglot.com/babel/marshallese.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[214]	Wikipedia, Cedilla https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedilla#Marshallese (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[215]	Wikipedia, Marshallese language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallese_language#Display_issues (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[216]	Trussel, Marshallese-English Online Dictionary https://www.trussel2.com/MOD/ (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[218]	Omniglot, Susu (Sosoxi) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/susu.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[219]	Omniglot, Zarma (Zarmaciine) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/zarma.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[220]	Omniglot, Pitjantjatjara https://www.omniglot.com/writing/pitjantjatjara.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[221]	Omniglot, Spanish (español/castellano) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/spanish.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[222]	Omniglot, Filipino (wikang Filipino) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/filipino.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[223]	Omniglot, Chavacano https://www.omniglot.com/writing/chavacano.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[224]	Wikipedia, Ilocano language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilocano_language#Modern_alphabet (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[225]	Omniglot, Quechua (Runasimi) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/quechua.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[226]	Wikipedia, Quechua alphabet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_alphabet (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[227]	Omniglot, Cape Verdean Creole (Kriolu) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kriol.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[228]	Omniglot, Waray-Waray https://www.omniglot.com/writing/waray.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[229]	Omniglot, Lozi (siLozi) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/lozi.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[230]	africanlanguages.com, Sesotho sa Leboa (Northern Sotho) https://africanlanguages.com/northern_sotho/ (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[232]	Wikipedia, Chechen language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_language (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[233]	Omniglot, Hungarian (magyar) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/hungarian.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[234]	Wikipedia, Hungarian alphabet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_alphabet (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[236]	Omniglot, Lingala https://www.omniglot.com/writing/lingala.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[237]	Omniglot, Akan https://www.omniglot.com/writing/akan.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[238]	Wikipedia, Mossi language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossi_language (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[239]	SIL-Sudan, OCCASIONAL PAPERS in the study of SUDANESE LANGUAGES No. 9 (p. 75) https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/10/06/46/100646256099282892829790816212446104791/OPSL_9.pdf (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[240]	Omniglot, Kanuri https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kanuri.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[241]	Omniglot, Bugis (Basa Ugi ) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/bugis.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[242]	Omniglot, Mizo (Mizo ṭawng) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mizo.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[243]	Omniglot, Miskito (Mískitu) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/miskito.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[245]	Wikipedia, Papiamento https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[246]	Omniglot, Papiamento (Papiamentu) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/papiamento.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[247]	Omniglot, Chichewa (Chicheŵa) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/chichewa.php (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[248]	Native Languages of the Americas website, Vocabulary in Native American Languages: Mam Words https://www.native-languages.org/mam_words.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[249]	Omniglot, Mam (Qyol Mam) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mam.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[250]	Wikipedia, Pulaar language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulaar_language (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[251]	Wikipedia, Fula language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_language#Writing_systems (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[252]	Wikipedia, Polish alphabet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_alphabet (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[253]	Wikipedia, French orthography https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_orthography (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[254]	Omniglot, Yoruba (Èdè Yorùbá) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/yoruba.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[255]	Omniglot, Esperanto https://www.omniglot.com/writing/esperanto.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[256]	Omniglot, Welsh (Cymraeg) https://www.omniglot.com/writing/welsh.htm (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[257]	Wikipedia, List of Latin-script letters https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters (Accessed on 4 September 2018)
[258]	Omniglot, Montenegrin https://www.omniglot.com/writing/montenegrin.htm (Accessed on 20 March 2019)
[275]	Omniglot, Shavante https://www.omniglot.com/writing/shavante.php (Accessed on 24 September 2020)
[276]	Wikipedia, Malagasy Language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_language (Accessed on 24 September 2020)
[277]	Wikipedia, Serer language, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serer_language, accessed on 6 April 2021
[278]	Wikipedia, Kpelle language, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpelle_language, accessed on 6 April 2021
[279]	Wikipedia, Catalan Orthography, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_orthography, accessed on 28 November 2022
[280]	Fundacio PuntCAT registry (.CAT), IDN table for CAT_ca Version 1.0, 12 February 2006, https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/cat_ca_1.0.html
[281]	Fundacio PuntCAT registry (.CAT), Rules of the .cat domain, https://domini.cat/en/rules-of-the-cat-domain/
[320]	RFC 5891, Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA): Protocol https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5891