Reference LGR for script: Arabic (Arab) | lgr-second-level-arabic-script-24jan24-en |
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This document is mechanically formatted from the above XML file for the LGR. It provides additional summary data and explanatory text. The XML file remains the sole normative specification of the LGR.
Date | 2024-01-24 |
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LGR Version | 3 (Second Level Reference LGR) |
Language | und-Arab (Arabic Script) |
Unicode Version | 11.0.0 |
Description
INSTRUCTIONS
- These instructions cover how to adopt an LGR based on this reference LGR for a given zone and how to prepare the file for deposit in the IANA Repository of IDN Practices.
- As described the IANA procedure
(https://www.iana.org/help/idn-repository-procedure)
an LGR MUST contain the following elements in its header:- Script or Language Designator (see below for guidance)
- Version Number (this must increase with each amendment to the LGR, even if the updates are limited to the header itself)
- Effective Date (the date at which the policy becomes applicable in operational use)
- Registry Contact Details (contact name, email address, and/or phone number)
- The following information is optional:
- Document creation date
- Applicable Domain(s)
- Changes made to the Reference LGR before adopting
Please add or modify the following items in the XML source code for this file before
depositing the document in the IANA Repository.
(https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables)
Meta Data
Note: version numbers start at 1. RFC 7940 recommends using simple integers. The version comment is optional, please replace or delete the default comment. Version comments may be used by some tools as part of the page header.
<version comment="
[Please replace (or delete) the optional comment]">
[Please fill in version number, starting at 1]</version>
<date>
[Please fill in with publication date, in YYYY-MM-DD format]</date>
<validity-start>
[Please fill in effective date, in YYYY-MM-DD format]</validity-start>
Note: the scope element may be repeated, so that the same document can serve for multiple domains.
<scope type="domain">
[Please provide, in ".domain" format]</scope>
Registry Contact Information:
Please fill in the Registry Contact Details.
Change History
If you made technical modifications to the LGR, please summarize them in the Change History (and also note the details in the appropriate section of the description).
PLEASE DELETE THESE INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE DEPOSITING THE DOCUMENT
Registry Contact Details
- Contact Name: [Please fill in Contact Name]
- Email address: [Please fill in Email address]
- Phone Number: [Please fill in optional Phone Number]
Label Generation Rules for the Arabic Script
Overview
This document specifies a set of Label Generation Rules (LGR) for the Arabic script for the second level domain or domains identified above. The starting point for the development of this LGR can be found in the related Root Zone LGR [RZ-LGR-Arab]. The format of this file follows [RFC 7940]. This LGR is adapted from the “Reference LGR for the Second Level for the Arabic Script” [Ref-LGR-und-Arab], for details, see Change History below.
For details and additional background on the Arabic script, see TF-AIDN, “Proposal for Arabic Script Root Zone LGR”, Version 3.4, 18 November 2015 [Proposal-Arabic]. Additional work was done by a TF-AIDN group to create extensions appropriate to the second level and these are incorporated in this LGR. (See “Methodology” below).
The document contains certain provisions for customization. (See “Customizing actions for International Reachability” below.)
Repertoire
The repertoire includes the 128 code points for letters used by languages that are actively written in the Arabic script. The repertoire is a subset of [Unicode 11.0.0]. For details, see Section 3.2 in [Proposal-Arabic]. (The proposal cited has been adopted for the Arabic script portion of the Root Zone LGR.)
For the second level, the repertoire has been augmented with the HYPHEN-MINUS, and three sets of decimal digits:
- European (common) digits
- Arabic-Indic digits
- Extended Arabic-Indic digits
for a total of 159 repertoire elements.
The repertoire excludes code points for which TF-AIDN was unable to find sufficient evidence of use (see Appendix F in [Proposal-Arabic]).
This LGR does not include combining marks or code point sequences. All combining marks have been excluded for these reasons:
- First, they can significantly overproduce and would require additional rules to contain them effectively, complicating the design.
- Second, even where they are required for some languages, they are optional for others.
- Third, this also circumvents the issue regarding duplication between some precomposed code points and combining sequences raised by [IAB].
Repertoire Listing: Each code point or range is tagged with the script or scripts with which the code point is used, and one or more references documenting sufficient justification for inclusion in the repertoire, see “References” below. Comments identify the principal languages or orthographies using the code point. Languages are given with their [EGIDS] level; use of standard Arabic code points by other languages is not marked.
Correlation Between Repertoire and Bidi Rules
Because this LGR contains only a subset of PVALID code points, the Bidi rules expressed in Section 2 of RFC 5893 [160] (Bidi Rule) can be simplified to two constraints:
- Prevent digits (whether European, Arabic-Indic, or Extended-Arabic-Indic) from starting a label.
- In any label, allow only digits from one the sets (whether European, Arabic-Indic, or Extended-Arabic-Indic).
Variants
The variants defined in this LGR are limited to those required for use in zones not shared with any other script. However, because it does not share cross-script variants with other script LGRs, this LGR can be mixed easily with other LGRs in the same zone.
For details on the methodology used to assign in-script variants for letters, see “Methodology for Defining Variants” below.
Digit Variants: All Arabic digits are treated as semantic variants of the corresponding common (ASCII) digits. By transitivity, they are also semantic variants of any native digits in scripts that also include the common digits. Such variant relations are deemed to exist implicitly by transitivity but are not listed explicitly in each reference LGR. Instead, if needed, they are applied by using the Common LGR in label processing.
Because of the restriction on leading digits, most labels would contain a unique code point in addition to any digits, thus no variant labels would actually result from any pro-forma cross-script variants.
To keep digit variant sets manageable in zones where multiple scripts are present, no attempt has been made at identifying cross-script variants among digits of different numeric value or between a digit in one script and a letter in another, such as between digit zero and Latin letter ‘o’. Other mechanisms may be required to prevent homograph labels.
Variant Disposition: This LGR includes “blocked” and “allocatable” variants, assigned according to Section 4, “Final recommendation of variants for Top Level Domains (TLDs)” in [Proposal-Arabic]. These recommendations balance the desire to minimize the number of possible allocatable variants with the need to keep the definition of variants simple. See also the comments given in the listing.
For the second level, three additional variant types are added: “optionally-allocatable”, “activated”, and “optionally-activated”. They are used to improve user acceptance. The rationale for these new types is provided below.
Methodology for Defining Variants
In generating the variant tables, a number of concepts have been used:
One of the main principles for the stability of the Internet and IDNs is that the end user should be able to reach a website connected to his/her domain name regardless of location. Additionally, an end user reads and types website addresses based on his/her language alphabet and whatever is available in his/her keyboard. Therefore, in order to enforce this principle the input devices (language table) that the user may use to reach a domain name (based on the user location) should be carefully considered when defining variants. Otherwise, it may cause a reachability problem and reduce the user acceptance. For example, if someone registered the domain name “مكة” (all characters from the Arabic language) and a user try to reach the website connected to this domain name from an Internet café or airport, say, in Pakistan. He/she will not be able to reach that website unless if the variant “مکۃ” (Urdu variant) is already allocated and activated. Thus, variants need to be studied from both similarity point of view (by language community) and reachability point of view (based on input devices used by other language communities).
Consistency is a very important concept in generating variants. Regardless of the selected applied-for label the list of generated allocatable variants should be the same. As we are dealing with normal users at the SLD, their 1st choice (applied-for) label might not be the one that will be used by the internet community. Therefore, a registry should provide the registrant the ability to “correct” his/her choice if he/she was not successful with the first try. For example, the word “Internet” is written in most Arab countries in North Africa as (أنترنت) while it is written in other Arab countries as (إنترنت), while end users often write it as (انترنت). Therefore, if someone registered “أنترنت”, he/she should be able to enable “إنترنت” or “انترنت”. Additionally, many words have two correct ways to write them, for example, both “آدم” and “أدم” are widely used for the same name Adam. Hence, if someone registered “أدم” he/she should be able to enable “آدم” or “ادم”. This is achieved by making variants allocatable in at least one direction in the LGR.
Based on the principle expressed in the previous item, some code points are involved in at least one variant mapping of type “activated”, “optionally-activated”, or “optionally-allocatable. The dispositions related to these mappings may be optionally modified by a registry by editing the appropriate action elements. See the section on “Customizing Actions for International Reachability” for details of how this feature can be made mandatory or disabled.
The specification of variants in this LGR follows the guidelines in [RFC 8228].
Character Classes
This proposal defines the following named character classes:
- common-digits — ASCII digits: U+0030 0 to U+0039 9
- arabic-indic-digits — Arabic-Indic digits used with Arabic: U+0660 ٠ to U+0669 ٩
- extended arabic-indic-digits — Arabic-Indic digits used with other languages: U+06F0 ۰ to U+06F9 ۹
Whole Label Evaluation (WLE) and Context Rules
Common Rules
By default, the LGR includes the rules and actions to implement the following restrictions mandated by the IDNA protocol. They are marked with ⍟.
- Hyphen Restrictions — restrictions on the allowable placement of hyphens (no leading/ending hyphen and no hyphen in positions 3 and 4). These restrictions are described in Section 4.2.3.1 of RFC 5891 [150]. They are implemented here as context rule on U+002D (-) HYPHEN-MINUS.
- Leading Combining Marks — restrictions on the allowable placement of combining marks (no leading combining mark). This rule is described in Section 4.2.3.2 of RFC 5891 [150].
Right-To-Left Rules
- leading-digit — RFC 5893 [160] restrictions on the allowable placement of digits (no leading digit), see section 2.1; implemented here as a context rule on each digit.
- digit-mixing — no mixing between different digit sets (European, Arabic-Indic, and Extended-Arabic-Indic digits) is allowed (see section 2.4 of RFC 5893 [160]); implemented here as a WLE rule with associated action.
Default Actions
This LGR includes the default actions for LGRs as well as the action needed to invalidate labels with misplaced combining marks. They are marked with ⍟. For a description see [RFC 7940].
Arabic-specific Rules
The following rules aim at reducing the allocation of redundant labels.
- No connected ALEF MAKSURA in the Arabic language — restriction on having ALEF MAKSURA (0649) before a right joining or dual joining code point.
- Restricting language mixing in the generated variants — restriction on mixing code points from different languages using the Arabic scripts. This is implemented by not mixing the first group of letters (U+0629 ة, U+0643 ك, U+0647 ه, and U+0649 ى) mostly used only in the Arabic language, with a second group of letters (U+06A9 ک, U+06AA ڪ, U+06BE ھ, U+06C1 ہ, U+06C2 ۂ, U+06C3 ۃ, and U+06CC ی) not commonly used in the Arabic language.
In addition, this LGR includes WLE rules and actions specific to the Arabic script found in Section 5, “Whole Label Evaluation (WLE) rules” in [Proposal-Arabic]. As specified, the rules and actions serve to prevent the mixing of two variants of the same code point within the same label. This reduces overproduction of variant labels. The rules are listed here with the numbers given in Table 17 in [Proposal-Arabic]. See also the comments given for each rule or action. Note that that WLE Rules 1, 2, 3, and 8 part of that Table 17 are omitted here because they are superseded by the rule restricting language mixing described above.
- no-mix-heh-goal — WLE Rule 4: do not mix Arabic letters HEH and HEH GOAL in the same label
- no-mix-heh-goal-ae — WLE Rule 5: do not mix Arabic letters HEH GOAL and AE in the same label
- no-mix-heh-ae — WLE Rule 6: do not mix Arabic letters HEH and AE in the same label
- no-mix-heh-doachashmee — WLE Rule 7: do not mix Arabic letters HEH and HEH DOACHASHMEE in the same label
- no-mix-noon-with-three-dots-above-yeh-with-three-dots-below — WLE Rule 9: do not mix Arabic letters NOON WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE and YEH WITH THREE DOTS BELOW in the same label
- no-mix-peh-noon-with-three-dots-above — WLE Rule 10: do not mix Arabic letters PEH and NOON WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE in the same label
- no-mix-feh-with-dot-moved-below — WLE Rule 11:do not mix Arabic letters FEH and FEH WITH DOT MOVED BELOW in the same label
- no-mix-qaf-with-dot-above — WLE Rule 12: do not mix Arabic letters QAF and QAF WITH DOT ABOVE in the same label
- no-mix-feh-qaf-with-dot-above — WLE Rule 13: do not mix Arabic letters FEH and QAF WITH DOT ABOVE in the same label
- no-mix-kaf-with-ring-gaf — WLE Rule 14: do not mix Arabic letters KAF WITH RING and GAF in the same label
- no-mix-kaf-with-ring-keheh-with-three-dots-above — WLE Rule 15: do not mix Arabic letters KAF WITH RING and KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE
- no-mix-gaf-keheh-with-three-dots-above — WLE Rule 16: do not mix Arabic letters GAF and KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE in the same label
Arabic Script-specific Actions
The LGR includes several actions that invalidate a label violating the constraints expressed by the Arabic-specific rules. In addition, the three non-default variant mapping types used in this LGR trigger actions that result in variant label dispositions as follows:
- if at least one variant is in {activated}, force delegation,
- if at least one variant is in {optionally-activated}, by default the label is allocatable, but the LGR can be customized to force delegation for these variant labels by selecting a different disposition in the corresponding action,
- if at least one variant is in {optionally-allocatable}, by default the label is blocked, but the LGR can be customized to make the variant label allocatable instead, by selecting a different disposition in the corresponding action.
Variant mappings of type “activated” lead to a disposition of “activated”, which implies means the variant label should be allocated. This variant type is used here for the variant mappings between the three sets of digits. Activated variants are handled by the first action above, and are not affected by the optional customizations described below.
Customizing Actions for International Reachability
As described above, this LGR is designed so that full “international reachability” is optionally available. It can easily be enabled with a small customization.
The disposition for the second of the actions listed above is by default set to “allocatable” which makes the variant available to registrants that would like to support international reachability. Some registry operators may desire to make support for such variants mandatory, in which case the disposition (disp=“allocatable” in the XML) for the relevant action could be changed from “allocatable” to “activated” without further changes to the LGR.
The disposition for the last of the actions listed above is by default set to “blocked” which reserves the variants of type “optionally-allocatable”. Some registry operators may desire to support such variants as allocatable, in which case the disposition (disp=“blocked” in the XML) for the relevant action could be changed from “blocked” to “allocatable” without further changes to the LGR.
Most of the code points involved in labels resulting in “activated” or “allocatable” actions are subject to “no-mix” rules to decrease the number of activated or allocatable variants. This is especially a concern for the “activated” action which results in forced delegation.
If optional variant labels are all made allocatable, a significantly large number of allocatable variant labels can potentially be created. Keeping the allocatable variant labels manageable is advised by SSAC in their [SAC060] report. One way to contain such variant labels, as suggested by the Arabic script community, is to allow only the variant labels which are usable and still block those which may be redundant, e.g. cannot be typed from a single keyboard supporting a given language. For this purpose, the no language mixing rule is part of this LGR.
Furthermore, applying this customization for variant sets involving code points which do not have “no-mix” should be done with caution. This is especially true for the variant set including the ALEF characters, for which an external policy should be established to ensure that only a strictly limited number of variant labels are allocated. It may not be possible to create a general policy that determine which of the variants from among a potential large variant pool are indeed suitable; therefore, the selection may have to be left as a choice to the registrant, but within a strict cap.
Methodology and Contributors
The LGR in this document has been adapted from the corresponding Reference LGR for the Second Level. The Second Level Reference LGR for the Arabic Script has been edited by Michel Suignard and Asmus Freytag, based on extensive community input. LGR is based on the Root Zone LGR for Arabic and relies on information contained or referenced therein, see [RZ-LGR-Arab]. Suitable extensions for the second level have been applied according to the [Guidelines] and with community input. The original proposal for an Arabic Script Root Zone LGR [Proposal-Arabic] that this LGR is based on, was developed by the Task Force for Arabic Script IDNs [TF-AIDN]. The specific features related to the International Reachability aspect were drafted by a TF-AIDN sub-group (namely in alphabetical order: Abdalmonem Tharwat Galila, Abdeslam Nasri, Abdulaziz Al-Zoman, Abdulrahman Alghadir, Hazem Hezzah, Nabil Benamar, Raed Alfayez, Tarik Merghani). In addition, Sarmad Hussain provided editorial support.
For more information on methodology and contributors to the underlying Root Zone LGR, see Section 2 and Appendix H in [Proposal-Arabic], as well as [RZ-LGR-Overview].
Changes from Version Dated 22 April 2021
The formulation of the no-mix rule for languages in Version 1 was found to be defective and has been corrected. Without the correction, the LGR would disallow labels with characters from the common subset (those neither in group 1 or group 2). The result of the fix is to allow such labels as expected, while continuing to prohibit labels containing code points from both group 1 and group 2 in the same label.
Changes from Version Dated 11 January 2022
Unicode Version has been updated.
Changes from Version Dated 24 January 2024
Adopted from the Second Level Reference LGR for the Arabic Script [Ref-LGR-und-Arab] without normative changes.
References
The following general references are cited in this document:
- [EGIDS]
- Lewis and Simons, “EGIDS: Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale,”
documented in [SIL-Ethnologue] and summarized here:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_Graded_Intergenerational_Disruption_Scale_(EGIDS) - [Guidelines]
- ICANN, “Guidelines for Developing Reference LGRs for the Second Level”, (Los Angeles, California: ICANN, 27 May 2020),
https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/lgr-guidelines-second-level-27may20-en.pdf - [IAB]
- Internet Architecture Board (IAB), “IAB Statement on Identifiers and Unicode 7.0.0”
https://www.iab.org/documents/correspondence-reports-documents/2015-2/iab-statement-on-identifiers-and-unicode-7-0-0/ - [MSR-5]
- Integration Panel, “Maximal Starting Repertoire — MSR-5 Overview and Rationale”, 24 June 2021,
https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/msr-5-overview-24jun21-en.pdf - [Proposal-Arabic]
- TF-AIDN, “Proposal for Arabic Script Root Zone LGR”, Version 3.4, 18 November 2015
https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/arabic-lgr-proposal-18nov15-en.pdf - [RFC 6365]
- Hoffman, P. and J. Klensin, “Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF”, BCP 166, RFC 6365, DOI 10.17487/RFC6365, September 2011,
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6365 - [RFC 7940]
- Davies, K. and A. Freytag, “Representing Label Generation Rulesets Using XML”,
RFC 7940, August 2016,
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7940 - [RFC 8228]
- A. Freytag, “Guidance on Designing Label Generation Rulesets (LGRs) Supporting Variant Labels”, RFC 8228, August 2017,
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8228 - [RZ-LGR-Overview]
- Integration Panel, “Root Zone Label Generation Rules (RZ LGR-5): Overview and Summary”, 26 May 2022 (PDF),
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-5-overview-26may22-en.pdf - [RZ-LGR-Arab]
- ICANN, Root Zone Label Generation Rules for the Arabic Script (und-Arab), 26 May 2022 (XML)
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-5-arabic-script-26may22-en.xml - [SAC060]
- ICANN Security and Stability Advisory Committee (SSAC), “SSAC Comment on Examining the User Experience Implications of Active Variant TLDs Report”,
23 July 2013,
https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/sac-060-en.pdf - [SIL-Ethnologue]
- David M. Eberhard, Gary F. Simons & Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2021.
Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twenty fourth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL
International. Online version available as
https://www.ethnologue.com - [TF-AIDN]
- Blog, “Task Force for Arabic Script IDNs”
https://community.icann.org/display/MES/Task+Force+on+Arabic+Script+IDNs
workspace:
https://community.icann.org/display/MES/TF-AIDN+Work+Space - [Ref-LGR-und-Arab]
- ICANN, Second Level Reference Label Generation Rules for the Arabic Script (und-Arab), 24 January 2024 (XML)
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-arabic-script-24jan24-en.xml
non-normative HTML presentation:
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/packages/lgr/lgr-second-level-arabic-script-24jan24-en.html - [Unicode 11.0.0]
- The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0.0, (Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium, 2018. ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1)
https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/
For references consulted particularly in designing the repertoire for the Arabic Script for the second level please see details in the Table of References below.
References [0] to [12] refer to the Unicode Standard versions in which the corresponding code points were initially encoded. References [100] and above correspond to sources justifying the inclusion of the corresponding code points. Entries in the table may have multiple source reference values. In the listing of whole label evaluation and context rules, references [150] and [160] indicate the source for common rules.
Repertoire
Repertoire Summary
Number of elements in repertoire | 159 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of code points for each script |
|
||||
Longest code point sequence | 1 |
Repertoire by Code Point
The following table lists the repertoire by code point (or code point sequence). The data in the Script and Name column are extracted from the Unicode character database. Where a comment in the original LGR is equal to the character name, it has been suppressed.
For any code point or sequence for which a variant is defined, additional information is provided in the Variants column. See also the legend provided below the table.
Code Point |
Glyph | Script | Name | Ref | Tags | Required Context | Variants | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
U+002D | - | Common | HYPHEN-MINUS | [0] | not: hyphen-minus-disallowed | ⍟ | ||
U+0030 | 0 | Common | DIGIT ZERO | [0] | Common-digit | not: leading-digit | set 1 | ⍟ |
U+0031 | 1 | Common | DIGIT ONE | [0] | Common-digit | not: leading-digit | set 2 | ⍟ |
U+0032 | 2 | Common | DIGIT TWO | [0] | Common-digit | not: leading-digit | set 3 | ⍟ |
U+0033 | 3 | Common | DIGIT THREE | [0] | Common-digit | not: leading-digit | set 4 | ⍟ |
U+0034 | 4 | Common | DIGIT FOUR | [0] | Common-digit | not: leading-digit | set 5 | ⍟ |
U+0035 | 5 | Common | DIGIT FIVE | [0] | Common-digit | not: leading-digit | set 6 | ⍟ |
U+0036 | 6 | Common | DIGIT SIX | [0] | Common-digit | not: leading-digit | set 7 | ⍟ |
U+0037 | 7 | Common | DIGIT SEVEN | [0] | Common-digit | not: leading-digit | set 8 | ⍟ |
U+0038 | 8 | Common | DIGIT EIGHT | [0] | Common-digit | not: leading-digit | set 9 | ⍟ |
U+0039 | 9 | Common | DIGIT NINE | [0] | Common-digit | not: leading-digit | set 10 | ⍟ |
U+0620 | ؠ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER KASHMIRI YEH | [11], [115] | Kashmiri (4) | |||
U+0621 | ء | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER HAMZA | [0], [100] | Arabic (1) | |||
U+0622 | آ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH MADDA ABOVE | [0], [100] | set 11 | Arabic (1) | ||
U+0623 | أ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH HAMZA ABOVE | [0], [100] | set 11 | Arabic (1) | ||
U+0624 | ؤ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH HAMZA ABOVE | [0], [100] | set 12 | Arabic (1) | ||
U+0625 | إ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH HAMZA BELOW | [0], [100] | set 11 | Arabic (1) | ||
U+0626 | ئ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE | [0], [100] | set 13 | Arabic (1) | ||
U+0627 | ا | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER ALEF | [0], [100] | set 11 | Arabic (1) | ||
U+0628 | ب | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER BEH | [0], [100] | Arabic (1) | |||
U+0629 | ة | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER TEH MARBUTA | [0], [100] | set 14 | Arabic (1) | ||
U+062A | ت | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER TEH | [0], [100] | set 15 | Arabic (1) | ||
U+062B | ث | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER THEH | [0], [100] | set 16 | Arabic (1) | ||
U+062C | ج | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER JEEM | [0], [100] | Arabic (1) | |||
U+062D | ح | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER HAH | [0], [100] | Arabic (1) | |||
U+062E | خ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER KHAH | [0], [100] | Arabic (1) | |||
U+062F | د | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER DAL | [0], [100] | Arabic (1) | |||
U+0630 | ذ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER THAL | [0], [100] | Arabic (1) | |||
U+0631 | ر | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER REH | [0], [100] | Arabic (1) | |||
U+0632 | ز | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER ZAIN | [0], [100] | Arabic (1) | |||
U+0633 | س | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER SEEN | [0], [100] | Arabic (1) | |||
U+0634 | ش | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER SHEEN | [0], [100] | Arabic (1) | |||
U+0635 | ص | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER SAD | [0], [100] | Arabic (1) | |||
U+0636 | ض | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER DAD | [0], [100] | Arabic (1) | |||
U+0637 | ط | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER TAH | [0], [100] | Arabic (1) | |||
U+0638 | ظ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER ZAH | [0], [100] | Arabic (1) | |||
U+0639 | ع | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER AIN | [0], [100] | Arabic (1) | |||
U+063A | غ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER GHAIN | [0], [100] | Arabic (1) | |||
U+0641 | ف | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER FEH | [0], [100] | set 17 | Arabic (1) | ||
U+0642 | ق | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER QAF | [0], [100] | set 17 | Arabic (1) | ||
U+0643 | ك | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER KAF | [0], [100] | set 18 | Arabic (1) | ||
U+0644 | ل | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER LAM | [0], [100] | Arabic (1) | |||
U+0645 | م | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER MEEM | [0], [100] | Arabic (1) | |||
U+0646 | ن | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER NOON | [0], [100] | set 19 | Arabic (1) | ||
U+0647 | ه | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER HEH | [0], [100] | set 14 | Arabic (1) | ||
U+0648 | و | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER WAW | [0], [100] | set 12 | Arabic (1) | ||
U+0649 | ى | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER ALEF MAKSURA | [0], [100] | not: initial-or-medial-position | set 13 | Arabic (1) | |
U+064A | ي | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER YEH | [0], [100] | set 13 | Arabic (1) | ||
U+0660 | ٠ | Arabic | ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO | [0], [100], [201], [401], [600], [700] | Arabic-indic-digit | not: leading-digit | set 1 | ⍟ |
U+0661 | ١ | Arabic | ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ONE | [0], [100], [201], [401], [600], [700] | Arabic-indic-digit | not: leading-digit | set 2 | ⍟ |
U+0662 | ٢ | Arabic | ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT TWO | [0], [100], [201], [401], [600], [700] | Arabic-indic-digit | not: leading-digit | set 3 | ⍟ |
U+0663 | ٣ | Arabic | ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT THREE | [0], [100], [201], [401], [600], [700] | Arabic-indic-digit | not: leading-digit | set 4 | ⍟ |
U+0664 | ٤ | Arabic | ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FOUR | [0], [100], [201], [401], [600], [700] | Arabic-indic-digit | not: leading-digit | set 5 | ⍟ |
U+0665 | ٥ | Arabic | ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FIVE | [0], [100], [201], [401], [600], [700] | Arabic-indic-digit | not: leading-digit | set 6 | ⍟ |
U+0666 | ٦ | Arabic | ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT SIX | [0], [100], [201], [401], [600], [700] | Arabic-indic-digit | not: leading-digit | set 7 | ⍟ |
U+0667 | ٧ | Arabic | ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT SEVEN | [0], [100], [201], [401], [600], [700] | Arabic-indic-digit | not: leading-digit | set 8 | ⍟ |
U+0668 | ٨ | Arabic | ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT EIGHT | [0], [100], [201], [401], [600], [700] | Arabic-indic-digit | not: leading-digit | set 9 | ⍟ |
U+0669 | ٩ | Arabic | ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT NINE | [0], [100], [201], [401], [600], [700] | Arabic-indic-digit | not: leading-digit | set 10 | ⍟ |
U+0672 | ٲ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH WAVY HAMZA ABOVE | [0], [102] | set 11 | Kashmiri (4) | ||
U+0679 | ٹ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER TTEH | [0], [112] | set 20 | Urdu (1) | ||
U+067A | ٺ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER TTEHEH | [0], [111] | set 15 | Sindhi (2) | ||
U+067B | ٻ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER BEEH | [0], [111] | set 13 | Sindhi (2) | ||
U+067C | ټ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER TEH WITH RING | [0], [108] | Pashto (1) | |||
U+067D | ٽ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER TEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE DOWNWARDS | [0], [111] | set 16 | Sindhi (2) | ||
U+067E | پ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER PEH | [0], [109] | set 21 | Persian (1) | ||
U+067F | ٿ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER TEHEH | [0], [111] | Sindhi (2) | |||
U+0680 | ڀ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER BEHEH | [0], [111] | Sindhi (2) | |||
U+0681 | ځ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH HAMZA ABOVE | [0], [108], [138] | Pashto (1) | |||
U+0683 | ڃ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER NYEH | [0], [111] | set 22 | Sindhi (2) | ||
U+0684 | ڄ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER DYEH | [0], [111] | set 22 | Sindhi (2) | ||
U+0685 | څ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE | [0], [108], [138] | Pashto (1) | |||
U+0686 | چ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER TCHEH | [0], [109] | Persian (1) | |||
U+0687 | ڇ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER TCHEHEH | [0], [111] | Sindhi (2) | |||
U+0688 | ڈ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER DDAL | [0], [112] | Urdu (1) | |||
U+0689 | ډ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER DAL WITH RING | [0], [108], [138] | Pashto (1) | |||
U+068A | ڊ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER DAL WITH DOT BELOW | [0], [111] | Sindhi (2) | |||
U+068B | ڋ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER DAL WITH DOT BELOW AND SMALL TAH | [0], [110] | Saraiki (4) | |||
U+068C | ڌ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER DAHAL | [0], [111] | Sindhi (2) | |||
U+068D | ڍ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER DDAHAL | [0], [111] | Sindhi (2) | |||
U+068E | ڎ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER DUL | [0], [137] | set 23 | Malay (1) | ||
U+068F | ڏ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER DAL WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE DOWNWARDS | [0], [111] | set 23 | Sindhi (2) | ||
U+0691 | ڑ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER RREH | [0], [112] | Urdu (1) | |||
U+0693 | ړ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER REH WITH RING | [0], [108], [138] | Pashto (1) | |||
U+0695 | ڕ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER REH WITH SMALL V BELOW | [0], [106], [140] | Kurdish (1) | |||
U+0696 | ږ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER REH WITH DOT BELOW AND DOT ABOVE | [0], [108], [138] | Pashto (1) | |||
U+0697 | ڗ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER REH WITH TWO DOTS ABOVE | [0], [119], [146] | ANT | |||
U+0698 | ژ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER JEH | [0], [112] | Urdu (1) | |||
U+0699 | ڙ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER REH WITH FOUR DOTS ABOVE | [0], [111], [143] | Sindhi (2), Torwali (6b) | |||
U+069A | ښ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER SEEN WITH DOT BELOW AND DOT ABOVE | [0], [108], [138] | Pashto (1) | |||
U+069F | ڟ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER TAH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE | [0], [121], [123], [130] | Hausa (2), Ajami | |||
U+06A0 | ڠ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER AIN WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE | [0], [107], [129], [144] | Malay (1) | |||
U+06A2 | ڢ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER FEH WITH DOT MOVED BELOW | [0], [101], [130], [131], [132] | set 17 | Ajami, Fulfulde (3), Hausa (2) | ||
U+06A4 | ڤ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER VEH | [0], [106], [107], [127], [140] | set 24 | Malay (1), Kurdish (1) | ||
U+06A6 | ڦ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER PEHEH | [0], [111] | Sindhi (2) | |||
U+06A7 | ڧ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER QAF WITH DOT ABOVE | [0], [101], [130], [131], [132] | set 17 | Ajami, Fulfulde (3), Hausa (2) | ||
U+06A8 | ڨ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER QAF WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE | [0], [124] | set 24 | Western Arabic | ||
U+06A9 | ک | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER KEHEH | [0], [112] | set 18 | Urdu (1) | ||
U+06AA | ڪ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER SWASH KAF | [0], [111] | set 18 | Sindhi (2) | ||
U+06AB | ګ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH RING | [0], [108], [138] | set 25 | Pashto (1) | ||
U+06AD | ڭ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER NG | [0], [105], [114], [133], [134] | set 25 | Kirghiz (1), Uyghur (2) | ||
U+06AE | ڮ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH THREE DOTS BELOW | [0], [116] | ANT | |||
U+06AF | گ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER GAF | [0], [109] | set 25 | Persian (1) | ||
U+06B0 | ڰ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER GAF WITH RING | [0], [110] | Saraiki (4) | |||
U+06B1 | ڱ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER NGOEH | [0], [111] | Sindhi (2) | |||
U+06B3 | ڳ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER GUEH | [0], [111] | Sindhi (2) | |||
U+06B5 | ڵ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH SMALL V | [0], [106], [140] | Kurdish (1) | |||
U+06BA | ں | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER NOON GHUNNA | [0], [112] | set 19 | Urdu (1) | ||
U+06BB | ڻ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER RNOON | [0], [111] | set 20 | Sindhi (2) | ||
U+06BC | ڼ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER NOON WITH RING | [0], [108], [138] | Pashto (1) | |||
U+06BD | ڽ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER NOON WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE | [0], [107] | set 21 | Malay (1) | ||
U+06BE | ھ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER HEH DOACHASHMEE | [0], [112] | set 14 | Urdu (1) | ||
U+06C0 | ۀ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER HEH WITH YEH ABOVE | [0], [116], [140] | set 14 | ANT, Kurdish (1) | ||
U+06C1 | ہ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER HEH GOAL | [0], [112] | set 14 | Urdu (1) | ||
U+06C2 | ۂ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER HEH GOAL WITH HAMZA ABOVE | [0], [125], [135], [141] | set 14 | Urdu (1) | ||
U+06C3 | ۃ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER TEH MARBUTA GOAL | [0], [126] | set 14 | Urdu (1) | ||
U+06C4 | ۄ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH RING | [0], [102] | Kashmiri (4) | |||
U+06C6 | ۆ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER OE | [0], [102], [140], [142] | Kashmiri (4), Kurdish (1), Uyghur (2) | |||
U+06CB | ۋ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER VE | [0], [103], [114], [136] | Kazakh (1), Kirghiz (1), Uyghur (2) | |||
U+06CC | ی | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH | [0], [112] | set 13 | Urdu (1) | ||
U+06CD | ۍ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH TAIL | [0], [108], [138] | set 13 | Pashto (1) | ||
U+06CE | ێ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH SMALL V | [0], [127], [140] | Kurdish (1) | |||
U+06CF | ۏ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH DOT ABOVE | [3], [107] | Malay (1) | |||
U+06D0 | ې | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER E | [0], [108], [138] | set 13 | Pashto (1) | ||
U+06D1 | ۑ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH THREE DOTS BELOW | [0], [122] | set 21 | Bamana (4), Mandika (5) | ||
U+06D2 | ے | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER YEH BARREE | [0], [112] | set 13 | Urdu (1) | ||
U+06D5 | ە | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER AE | [0], [106], [114], [140] | set 14 | Kurdish (1), Uyghur (2) | ||
U+06F0 | ۰ | Arabic | EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO | [0], [109] | Extended-arabic-indic-digit | not: leading-digit | set 1 | |
U+06F1 | ۱ | Arabic | EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ONE | [0], [109] | Extended-arabic-indic-digit | not: leading-digit | set 2 | |
U+06F2 | ۲ | Arabic | EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT TWO | [0], [109] | Extended-arabic-indic-digit | not: leading-digit | set 3 | |
U+06F3 | ۳ | Arabic | EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT THREE | [0], [109] | Extended-arabic-indic-digit | not: leading-digit | set 4 | |
U+06F4 | ۴ | Arabic | EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FOUR | [0], [109] | Extended-arabic-indic-digit | not: leading-digit | set 5 | |
U+06F5 | ۵ | Arabic | EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FIVE | [0], [109] | Extended-arabic-indic-digit | not: leading-digit | set 6 | |
U+06F6 | ۶ | Arabic | EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT SIX | [0], [109] | Extended-arabic-indic-digit | not: leading-digit | set 7 | |
U+06F7 | ۷ | Arabic | EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT SEVEN | [0], [109] | Extended-arabic-indic-digit | not: leading-digit | set 8 | |
U+06F8 | ۸ | Arabic | EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT EIGHT | [0], [109] | Extended-arabic-indic-digit | not: leading-digit | set 9 | |
U+06F9 | ۹ | Arabic | EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT NINE | [0], [109] | Extended-arabic-indic-digit | not: leading-digit | set 10 | |
U+0751 | ݑ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH DOT BELOW AND THREE DOTS ABOVE | [7], [121], [128], [130], [147] | Hausa (2), Wolof (3) | |||
U+0752 | ݒ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH THREE DOTS POINTING UPWARDS BELOW | [7], [113], [130] | set 21 | Ajami, Wolof (3) | ||
U+0756 | ݖ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH SMALL V | [7], [113], [120], [130] | Ajami, Wolof (3) | |||
U+0760 | ݠ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER FEH WITH TWO DOTS BELOW | [7], [121], [130] | Ajami, Hausa (2) | |||
U+0762 | ݢ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER KEHEH WITH DOT ABOVE | [7], [118], [129] | Malay (1) | |||
U+0763 | ݣ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE | [7], [118] | set 25 | Moroccan (3) | ||
U+0766 | ݦ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER MEEM WITH DOT BELOW | [7], [116], [121] | ANT | |||
U+0767 | ݧ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER NOON WITH TWO DOTS BELOW | [7], [113], [120] | set 26 | Wolof (3) | ||
U+0768 | ݨ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER NOON WITH SMALL TAH | [7], [145] | Saraiki (4) | |||
U+076A | ݪ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH BAR | [7], [113], [116], [120] | ANT, Wolof (3) | |||
U+076E | ݮ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH BELOW | [9], [104] | Khowar (3) | |||
U+076F | ݯ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH AND TWO DOTS | [9], [104] | Khowar (3) | |||
U+0770 | ݰ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER SEEN WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH AND TWO DOTS | [9], [104] | Khowar (3) | |||
U+0771 | ݱ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER REH WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH AND TWO DOTS | [9], [104] | Khowar (3) | |||
U+08A0 | ࢠ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH SMALL V BELOW | [12], [117] | DPLN | |||
U+08A2 | ࢢ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER JEEM WITH TWO DOTS ABOVE | [12], [117] | DPLN | |||
U+08A3 | ࢣ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER TAH WITH TWO DOTS ABOVE | [12], [113], [117] | DPLN, Wolof (3) | |||
U+08A4 | ࢤ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER FEH WITH DOT BELOW AND THREE DOTS ABOVE | [12], [116] | ANT | |||
U+08A5 | ࢥ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER QAF WITH DOT BELOW | [12], [116] | ANT | |||
U+08A6 | ࢦ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH DOUBLE BAR | [12], [116] | ANT | |||
U+08A7 | ࢧ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER MEEM WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE | [12], [116] | ANT | |||
U+08A8 | ࢨ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH TWO DOTS BELOW AND HAMZA ABOVE | [12], [121] | Hausa (2) | |||
U+08A9 | ࢩ | Arabic | ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH TWO DOTS BELOW AND DOT ABOVE | [12], [121] | set 26 | Hausa (2) |
- Code Point
- A code point or code point sequence.
- Glyph
- The shape displayed depends on the fonts available to your browser.
- Script
- Shows the script property value from the Unicode Character Database. Combining marks may have the value Inherited and code points used with more than one script may have the value Common.
- Name
- Shows the character or sequence name from the Unicode Character Database.
- Ref
- Links to the references associated with the code point or sequence, if any.
- Tags
- LGR-defined tag values. Any tags matching the Unicode script property are suppressed in this view.
- Required Context
- Link to a rule defining the required context a code point or sequence must satisfy. If prefixed by “not:” identifies a context that must not occur.
- Variants
- Link to the variant set the code point or sequence is a member of, except where a coded point or sequence maps only to itself, in which case the type of that mapping is listed.
- Comment
- The comment as given in the XML file. However, if the comment for this row consists only of the code point or sequence name, it is suppressed in this view. By convention, comments starting with “=” denote an alias. If present, the symbol ⍟ marks a default item shared among a set of LGRs.
Variants
Variant Set Summary
Number of variant sets | 26 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Largest variant set | 8 | |||||
Variants by Type |
|
Variant Sets
The following tables list all variant sets defined in this LGR, except for singleton sets. Each table lists all variant mapping pairs of the set; one per row. Mappings are assumed to be symmetric: each row documents both forward (→) and reverse (←) mapping directions. In each table, the mappings are sorted by Source value in ascending code point order; shading is used to group mappings from the same source code point or sequence.
Where the type of both forward and reverse mappings are the same, a single value is given in the Type column; otherwise the types for forward and reverse mappings, as well as comments and references, are listed above one another. For summary counts, both forward and reverse mappings are always counted separately.
In any LGR with variant specifications that are well behaved, all members within each variant set are defined as variants of each other; the mappings in each set are symmetric and transitive; and all variant sets are disjoint.
- Source
- By convention, the smaller of the two code points in a variant mapping pair.
- Target
- By convention, the larger of the two code points in a variant mapping pair.
- Glyph
- The shape displayed for source or target depends on the fonts available to your browser.
- → - forward
- Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to the mapping from source to target.
- ← - reverse
- Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to the reverse mapping from target to source.
- ↔ - both
- Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to both forward and reverse mapping.
- Type
- The type of the variant mapping, including predefined variant types such as “allocatable” and “blocked”; or any that are defined specifically for this LGR.
- Ref
- One or more reference IDs (optional). A “/” separates references for reverse / forward mappings, if different.
- Comment
- A descriptive comment (optional). A “/” separates comments for reverse / forward mappings, if different.
Variant Set 1 — 3 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0030 | 0 | 0660 | ٠ | ↔ | activated | ASCII digit variant / Arabic digit variant | |
0030 | 0 | 06F0 | ۰ | ↔ | activated | ASCII digit variant / Extended digit variant | |
0660 | ٠ | 06F0 | ۰ | ↔ | activated | Arabic digit variant / Extended digit variant |
Variant Set 2 — 3 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0031 | 1 | 0661 | ١ | ↔ | activated | ASCII digit variant / Arabic digit variant | |
0031 | 1 | 06F1 | ۱ | ↔ | activated | ASCII digit variant / Extended digit variant | |
0661 | ١ | 06F1 | ۱ | ↔ | activated | Arabic digit variant / Extended digit variant |
Variant Set 3 — 3 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0032 | 2 | 0662 | ٢ | ↔ | activated | ASCII digit variant / Arabic digit variant | |
0032 | 2 | 06F2 | ۲ | ↔ | activated | ASCII digit variant / Extended digit variant | |
0662 | ٢ | 06F2 | ۲ | ↔ | activated | Arabic digit variant / Extended digit variant |
Variant Set 4 — 3 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0033 | 3 | 0663 | ٣ | ↔ | activated | ASCII digit variant / Arabic digit variant | |
0033 | 3 | 06F3 | ۳ | ↔ | activated | ASCII digit variant / Extended digit variant | |
0663 | ٣ | 06F3 | ۳ | ↔ | activated | Arabic digit variant / Extended digit variant |
Variant Set 5 — 3 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0034 | 4 | 0664 | ٤ | ↔ | activated | ASCII digit variant / Arabic digit variant | |
0034 | 4 | 06F4 | ۴ | ↔ | activated | ASCII digit variant / Extended digit variant | |
0664 | ٤ | 06F4 | ۴ | ↔ | activated | Arabic digit variant / Extended digit variant |
Variant Set 6 — 3 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0035 | 5 | 0665 | ٥ | ↔ | activated | ASCII digit variant / Arabic digit variant | |
0035 | 5 | 06F5 | ۵ | ↔ | activated | ASCII digit variant / Extended digit variant | |
0665 | ٥ | 06F5 | ۵ | ↔ | activated | Arabic digit variant / Extended digit variant |
Variant Set 7 — 3 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0036 | 6 | 0666 | ٦ | ↔ | activated | ASCII digit variant / Arabic digit variant | |
0036 | 6 | 06F6 | ۶ | ↔ | activated | ASCII digit variant / Extended digit variant | |
0666 | ٦ | 06F6 | ۶ | ↔ | activated | Arabic digit variant / Extended digit variant |
Variant Set 8 — 3 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0037 | 7 | 0667 | ٧ | ↔ | activated | ASCII digit variant / Arabic digit variant | |
0037 | 7 | 06F7 | ۷ | ↔ | activated | ASCII digit variant / Extended digit variant | |
0667 | ٧ | 06F7 | ۷ | ↔ | activated | Arabic digit variant / Extended digit variant |
Variant Set 9 — 3 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0038 | 8 | 0668 | ٨ | ↔ | activated | ASCII digit variant / Arabic digit variant | |
0038 | 8 | 06F8 | ۸ | ↔ | activated | ASCII digit variant / Extended digit variant | |
0668 | ٨ | 06F8 | ۸ | ↔ | activated | Arabic digit variant / Extended digit variant |
Variant Set 10 — 3 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0039 | 9 | 0669 | ٩ | ↔ | activated | ASCII digit variant / Arabic digit variant | |
0039 | 9 | 06F9 | ۹ | ↔ | activated | ASCII digit variant / Extended digit variant | |
0669 | ٩ | 06F9 | ۹ | ↔ | activated | Arabic digit variant / Extended digit variant |
Variant Set 11 — 5 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0622 | آ | 0623 | أ | ↔ | optionally-allocatable | ||
0622 | آ | 0625 | إ | ↔ | optionally-allocatable | ||
0622 | آ | 0627 | ا | → | allocatable | U+0622 آ ALEF WITH MADDA ABOVE is simplified to U+0627 ا ALEF in the Arabic language | |
← | optionally-allocatable | ||||||
0622 | آ | 0672 | ٲ | ↔ | blocked | ||
0623 | أ | 0625 | إ | ↔ | optionally-allocatable | ||
0623 | أ | 0627 | ا | → | allocatable | U+0623 أ ALEF WITH HAMZA ABOVE is simplified to U+0627 ا ALEF in the Arabic language | |
← | optionally-allocatable | ||||||
0623 | أ | 0672 | ٲ | ↔ | blocked | ||
0625 | إ | 0627 | ا | → | allocatable | U+0625 إ ALEF WITH HAMZA BELOW is simplified to U+0627 ا ALEF in the Arabic language | |
← | optionally-allocatable | ||||||
0625 | إ | 0672 | ٲ | ↔ | blocked | ||
0627 | ا | 0672 | ٲ | → | blocked | ||
← | allocatable | U+0672 ٲ ALEF WITH WAVY HAMZA ABOVE is simplified to U+0627 ا ALEF in the Kashmiri language |
Variant Set 12 — 2 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0624 | ؤ | 0648 | و | → | allocatable | U+0624 ؤ WAV WITH HAMZA ABOVE is simplified to U+0648 و WAV in the Arabic language | |
← | blocked |
Variant Set 13 — 8 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0626 | ئ | 0649 | ى | ↔ | blocked | ||
0626 | ئ | 064A | ي | ↔ | blocked | ||
0626 | ئ | 067B | ٻ | ↔ | blocked | ||
0626 | ئ | 06CC | ی | ↔ | blocked | ||
0626 | ئ | 06CD | ۍ | ↔ | blocked | ||
0626 | ئ | 06D0 | ې | ↔ | blocked | ||
0626 | ئ | 06D2 | ے | ↔ | blocked | ||
0649 | ى | 064A | ي | ↔ | blocked | ||
0649 | ى | 067B | ٻ | ↔ | blocked | ||
0649 | ى | 06CC | ی | → | optionally-activated | The two are visually identical and the same label could be typed using one or the other based on the set language settings and keyboard layout of a user | |
← | blocked | ||||||
0649 | ى | 06CD | ۍ | ↔ | blocked | ||
0649 | ى | 06D0 | ې | ↔ | blocked | ||
0649 | ى | 06D2 | ے | ↔ | blocked | ||
064A | ي | 067B | ٻ | ↔ | blocked | ||
064A | ي | 06CC | ی | → | optionally-activated | The two are visually identical and the same label could be typed using one or the other based on the set language settings and keyboard layout of a user | |
← | allocatable | ||||||
064A | ي | 06CD | ۍ | ↔ | blocked | ||
064A | ي | 06D0 | ې | ↔ | blocked | ||
064A | ي | 06D2 | ے | ↔ | blocked | ||
067B | ٻ | 06CC | ی | ↔ | blocked | ||
067B | ٻ | 06CD | ۍ | ↔ | blocked | ||
067B | ٻ | 06D0 | ې | ↔ | blocked | ||
067B | ٻ | 06D2 | ے | ↔ | blocked | ||
06CC | ی | 06CD | ۍ | ↔ | blocked | ||
06CC | ی | 06D0 | ې | ↔ | blocked | ||
06CC | ی | 06D2 | ے | ↔ | blocked | ||
06CD | ۍ | 06D0 | ې | ↔ | blocked | ||
06CD | ۍ | 06D2 | ے | ↔ | blocked | ||
06D0 | ې | 06D2 | ے | ↔ | blocked |
Variant Set 14 — 8 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0629 | ة | 0647 | ه | → | allocatable | In the Arabic language, U+0647 ه HEH may be substituted for U+0629 ة TEH MARBUTA. [RFC 6365] | |
← | blocked | ||||||
0629 | ة | 06BE | ھ | ↔ | blocked | ||
0629 | ة | 06C0 | ۀ | ↔ | blocked | ||
0629 | ة | 06C1 | ہ | ↔ | blocked | ||
0629 | ة | 06C2 | ۂ | ↔ | blocked | ||
0629 | ة | 06C3 | ۃ | → | optionally-activated | The two are visually identical and the same label could be typed using one or the other based on the set language settings and keyboard layout of a user. Labels in the Arabic language using U+0629 ة TEH MARBUTA in the final and isolated positions will be typed in other languages using U+06C3 ۃ TEH MARBUTA GOAL (Urdu, etc.) which is identical in isolated and has a variant glyph or identical glyph form in final position | |
← | allocatable | ||||||
0629 | ة | 06D5 | ە | ↔ | blocked | ||
0647 | ه | 06BE | ھ | → | optionally-activated | Labels in the Arabic language using U+0647 ه HEH in the initial and medial positions will be visually similar in Urdu language to U+06BE ھ LETTER HEH DOACHASHMEE | |
← | blocked | ||||||
0647 | ه | 06C0 | ۀ | ↔ | blocked | ||
0647 | ه | 06C1 | ہ | → | optionally-activated | Labels in the Arabic language using U+0647 ه HEH in the final and isolated positions will be typed in other languages using U+06C1 ہ HEH GOAL (Urdu, Pashto, Saraiki, etc.) which is identical in isolated and has a variant glyph or identical glyph form in final position | |
← | allocatable | ||||||
0647 | ه | 06C2 | ۂ | ↔ | blocked | ||
0647 | ه | 06C3 | ۃ | ↔ | blocked | ||
0647 | ه | 06D5 | ە | ↔ | blocked | ||
06BE | ھ | 06C0 | ۀ | ↔ | blocked | ||
06BE | ھ | 06C1 | ہ | ↔ | blocked | ||
06BE | ھ | 06C2 | ۂ | ↔ | blocked | ||
06BE | ھ | 06C3 | ۃ | ↔ | blocked | ||
06BE | ھ | 06D5 | ە | ↔ | blocked | ||
06C0 | ۀ | 06C1 | ہ | ↔ | blocked | ||
06C0 | ۀ | 06C2 | ۂ | ↔ | blocked | ||
06C0 | ۀ | 06C3 | ۃ | ↔ | blocked | ||
06C0 | ۀ | 06D5 | ە | → | allocatable | U+06C0 ۀ HEH WITH YEH ABOVE is simplified to U+06D5 ە ARABIC LETTER AE in some languages (Kurdish) | |
← | blocked | ||||||
06C1 | ہ | 06C2 | ۂ | → | blocked | ||
← | allocatable | U+06C2 ۂ HEH GOAL WITH HAMZA ABOVE is simplified to U+06C1 ہ HEH GOAL in Urdu | |||||
06C1 | ہ | 06C3 | ۃ | ↔ | blocked | This is not allocatable in either direction because, unlike the allocatable relationship between U+0647 ه HEH and U+0629 ة TEH MARBUTA due to variation in the Arabic language, Urdu and other languages using U+06C1 ہ HEH GOAL do not exhibit such variation with U+06C3 ۃ TEH MARBUTA GOAL | |
06C1 | ہ | 06D5 | ە | ↔ | blocked | ||
06C2 | ۂ | 06C3 | ۃ | ↔ | blocked | ||
06C2 | ۂ | 06D5 | ە | ↔ | blocked | ||
06C3 | ۃ | 06D5 | ە | ↔ | blocked |
Variant Set 15 — 2 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
062A | ت | 067A | ٺ | ↔ | blocked |
Variant Set 16 — 2 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
062B | ث | 067D | ٽ | ↔ | blocked |
Variant Set 17 — 4 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0641 | ف | 0642 | ق | ↔ | blocked | ||
0641 | ف | 06A2 | ڢ | ↔ | allocatable | Used interchangeably in Africa for languages using Western (African) orthography | |
0641 | ف | 06A7 | ڧ | ↔ | blocked | ||
0642 | ق | 06A2 | ڢ | ↔ | blocked | ||
0642 | ق | 06A7 | ڧ | ↔ | allocatable | Used interchangeably in Africa for languages using Western (African) orthography | |
06A2 | ڢ | 06A7 | ڧ | ↔ | blocked |
Variant Set 18 — 3 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0643 | ك | 06A9 | ک | → | optionally-activated | The two have identical shapes in initial and medial positions and are used by different language communities to refer to the same letter | |
← | allocatable | ||||||
0643 | ك | 06AA | ڪ | ↔ | allocatable | The two have similar (interchangeable) shapes in initial and medial positions and are used by different language communities to refer to the same letter | |
06A9 | ک | 06AA | ڪ | ↔ | allocatable | The two have similar (interchangeable) shapes in initial and medial positions and are used by different language communities to refer to the same letter |
Variant Set 19 — 2 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0646 | ن | 06BA | ں | ↔ | allocatable | Used interchangeably in Africa for languages using Western (African) orthography |
Variant Set 20 — 2 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0679 | ٹ | 06BB | ڻ | ↔ | blocked |
Variant Set 21 — 4 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
067E | پ | 06BD | ڽ | ↔ | blocked | ||
067E | پ | 06D1 | ۑ | ↔ | blocked | ||
067E | پ | 0752 | ݒ | ↔ | blocked | ||
06BD | ڽ | 06D1 | ۑ | ↔ | blocked | ||
06BD | ڽ | 0752 | ݒ | ↔ | blocked | ||
06D1 | ۑ | 0752 | ݒ | ↔ | blocked |
Variant Set 22 — 2 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0683 | ڃ | 0684 | ڄ | ↔ | blocked |
Variant Set 23 — 2 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
068E | ڎ | 068F | ڏ | ↔ | blocked |
Variant Set 24 — 2 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
06A4 | ڤ | 06A8 | ڨ | ↔ | blocked |
Variant Set 25 — 4 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
06AB | ګ | 06AD | ڭ | ↔ | blocked | ||
06AB | ګ | 06AF | گ | ↔ | blocked | U+06AB ګ KAF WITH RING interchangeably used in Pashto with U+06AF گ GAF | |
06AB | ګ | 0763 | ݣ | ↔ | blocked | ||
06AD | ڭ | 06AF | گ | ↔ | blocked | ||
06AD | ڭ | 0763 | ݣ | ↔ | blocked | ||
06AF | گ | 0763 | ݣ | ↔ | blocked | Iraqi Arabic uses U+06AF گ GAF, whereas Moroccan Arabic uses U+0763 ݣ KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE |
Variant Set 26 — 2 Members
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0767 | ݧ | 08A9 | ࢩ | ↔ | blocked |
Classes, Rules and Actions
Character Classes
Number of named classes | 8 |
---|---|
Implict defined by script tag | 2 |
The following table lists all named and implicit classes with their definition and a list of their members intersected with the current repertoire (for larger classes, this list is elided).
Name | Definition | Count | Members or Ranges | Ref | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
right-joining | Prop=jt:R | 152→37 | {0622-0625 0627 0629 062F-0632 0648 0672 0688-068F 0691 0693 0695-0699 06C0 06C3-06C4 06C6 06CB 06CD 06CF 06D2 06D5 0771} | Any character matching Unicode property Joining_Type:Right_Joining | |
dual-joining | Prop=jt:D | 610→90 | {0620 0626 0628 062A-062E 0633-063A 0641-0647 0649-064A 0679-0681 0683-0687 069A 069F-06A0 06A2 06A4 06A6-06AB 06AD-06B1 06B3 06B5 06BA-06BE 06C1-06C2 06CC ...} | Any character matching Unicode property Joining_Type:Dual_Joining | |
joins-to-the-right | combined = [[:right-joining:] ∪ [:dual-joining:]] |
762→127 | {0620 0622-063A 0641-064A 0672 0679-0681 0683-068F 0691 0693 0695-069A 069F-06A0 06A2 06A4 06A6-06AB 06AD-06B1 06B3 06B5 06BA-06BE 06C0-06C4 06C6 06CB-06D2 ...} | ||
group1 | explicit | 3 | {0629 0643 0649} | Letters mostly used in the Arabic language | |
group2 | explicit | 7 | {06A9-06AA 06BE 06C1-06C3 06CC} | Letters not commonly used in the Arabic language | |
common-digits | Tag=Common-digit | 10 | {0030-0039} | Digits from the ASCII range; ⍟ | |
arabic-indic-digits | Tag=Arabic-indic-digit | 10 | {0660-0669} | Arabic-Indic digits; ⍟ | |
extended-arabic-indic-digits | Tag=Extended-arabic-indic-digit | 10 | {06F0-06F9} | Extended Arabic-Indic digits | |
implicit | Tag=sc:Arab | 148 | {0620-063A 0641-064A 0660-0669 0672 0679-0681 0683-068F 0691 0693 0695-069A 069F-06A0 06A2 06A4 06A6-06AB 06AD-06B1 06B3 06B5 06BA-06BE 06C0-06C4 06C6 06CB-...} | Any character tagged as Arabic | |
implicit | Tag=sc:Zyyy | 11 | {002D 0030-0039} | Any character tagged as Common |
- Members or Ranges
- Lists the members of the class as code points (xxx) or as ranges of code points (xxx-yyy). Any class too numerous to list in full is elided with "...".
- m→n
- Indicates a set for which only n of its m members fall inside the repertoire.
- Tag=ttt
- A named or implicit class defined by all code points that share the given tag value (ttt).
- Prop=ppp:vvv
- A named class defined by reference to value vvv of Unicode property ppp.
- Explicit
- A named class defined by explicitly listing all its members.
- Implicit
- An anonymous class implicitly defined based on tag value and for which there is no named equivalent.
- Combined
- A named class defined by set operations on other classes using the following syntax:
- [: :] - named or implicit character set
- Reference to a named character set [:name:] or an implicit character set [:tag:]. A leading “^” before name or tag indicates the set complement.
- ∪, ∩, ∖, ∆ - set operators
- Sets may be combined by set operators (∪ = union, ∩ = intersection, ∖ = difference, ∆ = symmetric difference).
Whole label evaluation and context rules
Number of rules | 18 |
---|---|
Used to trigger actions | 15 |
Used as context rule (C) | 3 |
Anchored context rules | 3 |
The following table lists all named rules defined in the LGR and indicates whether they are used as trigger in an action or as context (when or not-when) for a code point or variant.
Name | Regular Expression | Used as Trigger |
Anchor | Used as Context |
Ref | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
leading-combining-mark | (start)[∅=[[∅=\p{gc=Mn}] ∪ [∅=\p{gc=Mc}]]] |
✔ | [150] | RFC 5891 restrictions on placement of combining marks ⍟ | ||
hyphen-minus-disallowed | (((start))← ⚓︎)|(⚓︎ →((end)))|(((start)..\u002D)← ⚓︎) |
✔ | C | [150] | RFC 5891 restrictions on placement of U+002D - ⍟ | |
language-mixing-restriction | ([:group1:].*[:group2:])|([:group2:].*[:group1:]) |
✔ | a label/variant should avoid mixing languages | |||
leading-digit | ((start))← ⚓︎ |
✔ | C | [160] | RFC 5893 RTL labels cannot start with a digit ⍟ | |
digit-mixing | ([:common-digits:].*([:arabic-indic-digits:]|[:extended-arabic-indic-digits:]))|([:arabic-indic-digits:].*([:common-digits:]|[:extended-arabic-indic-digits:]))|([:extended-arabic-indic-digits:].*([:common-digits:]|[:arabic-indic-digits:])) |
✔ | [160] | RFC 5892 and RFC 5893 restrictions on mixing digits; extended to all three sets | ||
initial-or-medial-position | ⚓︎ →([:joins-to-the-right:]) |
✔ | C | U+0649 ى ALEF MAKSURA must not be in initial or medial position | ||
no-mix-heh-goal | (\u0647.*\u06C1)|(\u06C1.*\u0647) |
✔ | [100] | WLE Rule 4: do not mix Arabic letters HEH and HEH GOAL in the same label | ||
no-mix-heh-goal-ae | (\u06C1.*\u06D5)|(\u06D5.*\u06C1) |
✔ | [100] | WLE Rule 5: do not mix Arabic letters HEH GOAL and AE in the same label | ||
no-mix-heh-ae | (\u0647.*\u06D5)|(\u06D5.*\u0647) |
✔ | [100] | WLE Rule 6: do not mix Arabic letters HEH and AE in the same label | ||
no-mix-heh-doachashmee | (\u0647.*\u06BE)|(\u06BE.*\u0647) |
✔ | [100] | WLE Rule 7: do not mix Arabic letters HEH and HEH DOACHASHMEE in the same label | ||
no-mix-noon-with-three-dots-above-yeh-with-three-dots-below | (\u06BD.*\u06D1)|(\u06D1.*\u06BD) |
✔ | [100] | WLE Rule 9: do not mix Arabic letters NOON WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE and YEH WITH THREE DOTS BELOW in the same label | ||
no-mix-peh-noon-with-three-dots-above | (\u067E.*\u06BD)|(\u06BD.*\u067E) |
✔ | [100] | WLE Rule 10: do not mix Arabic letters PEH and NOON WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE in the same label | ||
no-mix-feh-with-dot-moved-below | (\u0641.*\u06A2)|(\u06A2.*\u0641) |
✔ | [100] | WLE 11:do not mix Arabic letters FEH and FEH WITH DOT MOVED BELOW in the same label | ||
no-mix-qaf-with-dot-above | (\u0642.*\u06A7)|(\u06A7.*\u0642) |
✔ | [100] | WLE Rule 12: do not mix Arabic letters QAF and QAF WITH DOT ABOVE in the same label | ||
no-mix-feh-qaf-with-dot-above | (\u0641.*\u06A7)|(\u06A7.*\u0641) |
✔ | [100] | WLE Rule 13: do not mix Arabic letters FEH and QAF WITH DOT ABOVE in the same label | ||
no-mix-kaf-with-ring-gaf | (\u06AB.*\u06AF)|(\u06AF.*\u06AB) |
✔ | [100] | WLE Rule 14: do not mix Arabic letters KAF WITH RING and GAF in the same label | ||
no-mix-kaf-with-ring-keheh-with-three-dots-above | (\u06AB.*\u0763)|(\u0763.*\u06AB) |
✔ | [100] | WLE Rule 15: do not mix Arabic letters KAF WITH RING and KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE | ||
no-mix-gaf-keheh-with-three-dots-above | (\u06AF.*\u0763)|(\u0763.*\u06AF) |
✔ | [100] | WLE Rule 16: do not mix Arabic letters GAF and KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE in the same label |
- Used as Trigger
- This rule triggers one of the actions listed below.
- Used as Context
- This rule defines a required or prohibited context for a code point C or variant V.
- Anchor
- This rule has a placeholder for the code point for which it is evaluated.
- Regular Expression
- A regular expression equivalent to the rule, shown in a modified notation as noted:
- ⚓︎ - context anchor
- Placeholder for the actual code point when a context is evaluated. The code point must occur at the position corresponding to the anchor. Rules containing an anchor cannot be used as triggers.
- (...)← - look-behind
- If present encloses required context preceding the anchor.
- →(..) - look-ahead
- If present encloses required context following the anchor.
- ( ) - group
- An anonymous nested rule is used to group match operators.
- (... | ...) - choice
- When there is more than one alternative in a rule, the choices are separated by the alternation operator (...|...).
- start or end
- (start) matches the start of the label; (end) matches the end of the label.
- . - any code point
- . matches any code point.
- *, +, ?, {n,m} - count operators
- * indicates 0 or more, + indicates one or more, and ? indicates up to one instance. {n,m} indicates at least n and at most m instances.
- [: :] - named or implicit character set
- Reference to a named character set [:name:] or an implicit character set [:tag:]. A leading “^” before name or tag indicates the set complement.
- [\p{ }] - property
- Set of all characters matching a given value for a Unicode property [\p{prop=val}]. Note: uppercase “\P” defines the complement of a property set.
- ∪, ∩, ∖, ∆ - set operators
- Sets may be combined by set operators (∪ = union, ∩ = intersection, ∖ = difference, ∆ = symmetric difference).
- ∅= - empty set
- Indicates that the following set is empty because of the result of set operations, or because none of its elements is part of the repertoire defined here. A rule with a non-optional empty set never matches.
- ⍟ - default rule
- Rules marked with ⍟ are included by default and may or may not be triggered by any possible label under this LGR.
Actions
The following table lists the actions that are used to assign dispositions to labels and variant labels based on the specified conditions. The order of actions defines their precedence: the first action triggered by a label is the one defining its disposition.
# | Condition | Rule / Variant Set | Disposition | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | if label matches | language-mixing-restriction | → | invalid | all labels (including variants) must avoid unnecessary language mixing | |
2 | if label matches | digit-mixing | → | invalid | [160] | a label matching the RFC 5892 and RFC 5893 restriction on digit mixing is invalid |
3 | if label matches | leading-combining-mark | → | invalid | [150] | labels with leading combining marks are invalid ⍟ |
4 | if at least one variant is in | {out-of-repertoire-var} | → | invalid | any variant label with a code point out of repertoire is invalid ⍟ | |
5 | if label matches | no-mix-heh-goal | → | invalid | do not mix Arabic letters HEH and HEH GOAL in the same label | |
6 | if label matches | no-mix-heh-goal-ae | → | invalid | do not mix Arabic letters HEH GOAL and AE in the same label | |
7 | if label matches | no-mix-heh-ae | → | invalid | do not mix Arabic letters HEH and AE in the same label | |
8 | if label matches | no-mix-heh-doachashmee | → | invalid | do not mix Arabic letters HEH and HEH DOACHASHMEE in the same label | |
9 | if label matches | no-mix-noon-with-three-dots-above-yeh-with-three-dots-below | → | invalid | do not mix Arabic letters NOON WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE and YEH WITH THREE DOTS BELOW in the same label | |
10 | if label matches | no-mix-peh-noon-with-three-dots-above | → | invalid | do not mix Arabic letters PEH and NOON WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE in the same label | |
11 | if label matches | no-mix-feh-with-dot-moved-below | → | invalid | do not mix Arabic letters FEH and FEH WITH DOT MOVED BELOW in the same label | |
12 | if label matches | no-mix-qaf-with-dot-above | → | invalid | do not mix Arabic letters QAF and QAF WITH DOT ABOVE in the same label | |
13 | if label matches | no-mix-feh-qaf-with-dot-above | → | invalid | do not mix Arabic letters FEH and QAF WITH DOT ABOVE in the same label | |
14 | if label matches | no-mix-kaf-with-ring-gaf | → | invalid | do not mix Arabic letters KAF WITH RING and GAF in the same label | |
15 | if label matches | no-mix-kaf-with-ring-keheh-with-three-dots-above | → | invalid | do not mix Arabic letters KAF WITH RING and KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE | |
16 | if label matches | no-mix-gaf-keheh-with-three-dots-above | → | invalid | do not mix Arabic letters GAF and KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE in the same label | |
17 | if at least one variant is in | {blocked} | → | blocked | any variant label containing blocked variants is blocked ⍟ | |
18 | if at least one variant is in | {optionally-allocatable} | → | blocked | optional allocation for certain within-repertoire variants; to make allocation possible, change (blocked) to (allocatable) | |
19 | if at least one variant is in | {optionally-activated} | → | allocatable | optional delegation for certain cross-repertoire variants; to make delegation mandatory, change (allocatable) to (activated) | |
20 | if at least one variant is in | {activated} | → | activated | variant labels containing activated variants are activated | |
21 | if each variant is in | {allocatable} | → | allocatable | variant labels with all variants allocatable are allocatable ⍟ | |
22 | if any label (catch-all) | → | valid | catch all (default action) ⍟ |
- {...} - variant type set
- In the “Rule/Variant Set” column, the notation {...} means a set of variant types.
- ⍟ - default action
- Actions marked with ⍟ are included by default and may or may not be triggered by any possible label under this LGR.
Note: The following variant types are used in one or more actions, but are not defined in this LGR: out-of-repertoire-var. This is not necessarily an error.
Table of References
The following lists the references cited for specific code points, variants, classes, rules or actions in this LGR. For General references refer to the References section in the Description.
[0] | The Unicode Standard, Version 1.1 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 1.1 |
[3] | The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 3.0 |
[7] | The Unicode Standard, Version 4.1 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 4.1 |
[9] | The Unicode Standard, Version 5.1 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 5.1 |
[11] | The Unicode Standard, Version 6.0 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 6.0 |
[12] | The Unicode Standard, Version 6.1 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 6.1 |
[100] | RFC 5564 Linguistic Guidelines for the Use of the Arabic Language in Internet Domains https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5564 |
[101] | Omniglot, “Hausa” https://omniglot.com/writing/hausa.htm |
[102] | Omniglot, “Kashmiri” https://omniglot.com/writing/kashmiri.htm |
[103] | Omniglot, “Kazakh” https://omniglot.com/writing/kazakh.htm |
[104] | Omniglot, “Khowar” https://omniglot.com/writing/khowar.htm |
[105] | Omniglot, “Kirghiz” https://omniglot.com/writing/kirghiz.htm |
[106] | Omniglot, “Kurdish” https://omniglot.com/writing/kurdish.htm |
[107] | Omniglot, “Malay” https://omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |
[108] | Omniglot, “Pashto” https://omniglot.com/writing/pashto.htm |
[109] | Omniglot, “Persian(Farsi)” https://omniglot.com/writing/persian.htm |
[110] | Omniglot, “Saraiki” https://omniglot.com/writing/saraiki.htm |
[111] | Omniglot, “Sindhi” https://omniglot.com/writing/sindhi.htm |
[112] | Omniglot, “Urdu” https://omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm |
[113] | Omniglot, “Wolof” https://omniglot.com/writing/wolof.htm |
[114] | Omniglot, “Uyghur” https://omniglot.com/writing/uyghur.htm |
[115] | Unicode, Kashmiri, Yeh https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09215-kashmiri.pdf |
[116] | Unicode, Chad ANT, pp. 19-20 https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10288r-arabic-proposal.pdf |
[117] | Unicode, DPLN, p.21 https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10288r-arabic-proposal.pdf |
[118] | Unicode, Jawi and Moroccan Arabic GAF, https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03176-gafs.pdf |
[119] | Unicode, Chadian, p.5 https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10288r-arabic-proposal.pdf |
[120] | Wolof, Paul Timothy https://paul-timothy.net/pages/ajamisenegal/primers/je_sais_le_wolofal_harmattan_20-oct-2015_a4.pdf |
[121] | Hausa, pp. 261-289 Warren-Rothlin, Andy (2014): West African scripts and Arabic-script orthographies in socio-political context. Meikal Mumin, Kees (C.) H. Versteegh (Eds.): The Arabic script in Africa. Studies in the use of a writing system. Leiden, Boston: Brill (Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics, 71) |
[122] | Mandika, Bamana, pp. 225-260 Vydrin, Valentin Feodos’evich; Dumestre, Gérard (2014): Manding Ajami samples. In Meikal Mumin, Kees (C.) H. Versteegh (Eds.): The Arabic script in Africa. Studies in the use of a writing system. Leiden, Boston: Brill (Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics, 71) |
[123] | Ethiopian, Wetter, Andreas (2006): Arabic in Ethiopia. In Kees (C.) H. Versteegh (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. Volume I. A-Ed, vol. 2. With assistance of Mushira Eid, Alaa Elgibali, Manfred Woidich, Andrzej Zaborski. Leiden: E. J. Brill, pp. 51-56. |
[124] | Western Arabic, Qaf with three dots above, city of Gabes, Tunisia |
[125] | Urdu, Heh goal with hamza above, Section 3 in https://www.columbia.edu/~mk2580/urdu_section/handouts/izafat.pdf |
[126] | Urdu, Teh marbuta goal, Code point UZT 76 of Urdu Zabta Takhti 1.01, the official code page standard for Govt. of Pakistan, approved in 2001; see https://cle.org.pk/Publication/papers/2001/uzt1.01.pdf |
[127] | Kurdish-Sorani, p.7 in https://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Sorani/sorani_1_grammar.pdf |
[128] | Wolof, Beh with dot below and three dots above, “Wolofal Orthography” by Galen Currah, revised 20 May 2011 |
[129] | Malay, Jawi Keyboard standard by Department of Standards Malaysia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi_keyboard (Accessed on 13 November 2015) |
[130] | Ajami usage, “Language planning in West Africa - who writes the script?” by Friederike Lüpke; https://www.elpublishing.org/docs/1/02/ldd02_08.pdf |
[131] | Scott Clark, “Alphabet and Orthography Statement For Fulfulde [FUB] Ajamiya”, SIL, Yaoundé, Cameroon, 2007, https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/11/59/46/115946668959791144133440092187534320035/AlphabetandOrthographyStatementforFulfuldeFUBAjamiyafortheinternet.pdf (Accessed on June 17 2019) |
[132] | Hausa, Newspapers and books published in Hausa using Arabic script, https://aflang.humanities.ucla.edu/language-materials/chadic-languages/hausa/hausa-online-grammar/pronunciation-writing/hausa-writing/ |
[133] | Kyrgyz, https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kir |
[134] | Kyrgyz, https://www.ethnologue.com/country/CN/languages |
[135] | Urdu, https://www.bbc.com/urdu |
[136] | Wikipedia: “Kyrgyz alphabets”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets (accessed on 13 November 2015) |
[137] | Malay, Information technology - Jawi Coded Character Set for Information Interchange MS 2443:2012, Department of Standards, Malaysia. https://www.jsm.gov.my |
[138] | Pashto Academy Peshawar University |
[140] | Kurdish, https://kurdpress.com/ |
[141] | Internet Architecture Board (IAB), “IAB Statement on Identifiers and Unicode 7.0.0”
https://www.iab.org/documents/correspondence-reports-documents/2015-2/iab-statement-on-identifiers-and-unicode-7-0-0/ Combining Hamza not recommended for use by IAB statement and combining marks not included by TF-AIDN; So combined form needs to be included |
[142] | An introduction to Latin-Script Uyghur: by Waris Abdukerim Janbaz ,State Library of Victoria, 2006, https://docplayer.net/42224797-An-introduction-to-latin-script-uyghur.html |
[143] | Torwali online and printed dictionaries |
[144] | Wikipedia: “Jawi keyboard” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi_keyboard (Accessed on 13 November 2015) |
[145] | Wikipedia: “Saraiki alphabet” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraiki_alphabet (Accessed on 13 November 2015) |
[146] | ANT (Alphabet National du Tchad) is the national standard for Chad/Tchad; See Figures in L2/10-288R (used for “tr” sound as given in the table in Section 6.1.2): https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10288r-arabic-proposal.pdf and Appendix B |
[147] | Wolof, https://www.openbookpublishers.com/htmlreader/978-1-78374-062-8/11.Ngom.xhtml |
[150] | RFC 5891, Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA): Protocol https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5891 |
[160] | RFC 5893, Right-to-Left Scripts for Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA) https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5893 |
[201] | Omniglot Arabic https://www.omniglot.com/writing/arabic.htm |
[401] | The Unicode Consortium, Common Locale Data Repository.- CLDR Version 28 (2015-09-16)- Locale Data Summary for Arabic (ar)- https://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/28/summary/ar.html Code points cited are from the set of Main Letters |
[600] | Wikipedia Arabic alphabet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet accessed 2015-10-31 Code points cited are from the set of Basic letters |
[700] | Saudi Network Information Center (.sa, Saudi Arabia ccTLD) https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/sa_ar_2.0.pdf |