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This extract from India's Ocean: the story of India's bid for regional leadership, describes Operation Lal Dora - India's plans to intervene in Mauritius in 1983 to avert a feared coup by Paul Berenger
2013 •
Asia Research Brief
Asia Research Centre Brief 72, January 2022: Indian project of military facilities on MauritiusIn 2021, news spread across media that India was building a military base on the North Agalega island which belongs to Mauritius. The Port Louis government is denying these reports, however. If the site does turn out to be a New Delhi-controlled military facility, it will certainly be aimed at deterring China. It will also showcase India’s aspirations to become a major power. Mauritius may thus become a second country to host an Indian armed forces’ base, after Tajikistan. In a broader perspective, establishing whether India formally controls these facilities might be less important than assessing the capabilities this infrastructure offers. Mauritius and India have a deep level of security cooperation, and the Port Louis government is not fully sovereign in its relations with India when it comes to national security. Thus, India will likely benefit from the project even if it turns out not to be a regular base for New Delhi’s armed forces. Firstly, as per the arrangements between the two countries, the commander of the Mauritian coast guard is an Indian officer deputed by its government (at present, this person is Vipin Gupta, an Indian navy captain). This subject is covered in our new Brief, authored by Krzysztof Iwanek.
Athena (ISSN: 2454-1605)
Maritime Security Interests: India in the Western Indian Ocean2021 •
The Western Indian Ocean is a maritime gateway to Europe and North America from Asia. Consisting of the African littoral states, the region has an abundance of rare-earth materials and energy resources. The vital chokepoints and SLOCs in the region make it an important Exclusive Economic Zone. India's presence in the region can be traced to the medieval period when its traders used these sea routes for trade with the Arabs and Persia. But this maritime contact gradually eroded under the British Empire. Post-independence, India's maritime policy remained largely inward and continental. It was after the change of the century that India realized the importance of the maritime domain in its strategic doctrine. The growing Chinese presence, energy security, and the protection of the SLOCs in the Indian Ocean Region contributed to this policy reorientation. Since the last decade, India has attempted to enhance cooperation with the Western Indian Ocean littorals, situated either near or at the chokepoints. India has been actively involved in the region through HADR, SAR, and anti-piracy operations. The African Ocean Rim littorals also regard India as a dependable security partner. In some cases, India has established itself as a security guarantor, as is arguably the case with Mauritius and the Maldives. There is also the possibility of broader cooperation with like-minded partners like France and Japan to counter China in the region. In this context, the paper looks into India's active participation in the region, under its broader Indian Ocean policy, to fulfill its aspiration of emerging as a great power.
Studies in Indian Place Names
India in the Indian Ocean Region: Strategic Analysis of India’s Foreign Policy towards Vanilla Islands2020 •
The main and the foremost objective of India’s Foreign Policy are to secure its own national interest. In a dynamic world, Indian foreign policy is geared up to be proactive, flexible and at the same time pragmatic so as to respond to the evolving situations. India is a maritime nation not only because of its historical traditions but by the virtue of the fact that its geophysical composition and geopolitical situation makes it dependent on seas as much as any other island nations like Sri Lanka or Maldives. With the rise of China as a superpower and the rapid expansion of its footprint in the Indian Ocean Region, Indian foreign policy towards this region has assumed more attention of Indian leadership over the past few years. Beyond commercially investing in Pakistan and Sri Lanka, China has also acquired a military outpost in Djibouti. In a bid to manage the growing clout of China’s economy and diplomacy in the Indian Ocean Region, Indian leadership has now started extending its reach to the Island states in the region. Vanilla Islands is one such group of Island states to which India has now extended its reach. It is a collective of island states in the South Western Indian Ocean which includes The Comoros, Mauritius, Madagascar, Mayotte, Reunion and Seychelles. Taking the lead in developing the concept of ‘Blue Economy’, these Island states have made them special partners for India. The impact of their large number on the voting patterns in various multilateral forums also makes them states of interest to India. Hence, it is of imperative concern to understand the importance of engaging with these Island states. The purpose of this research is to strategically analyze the dynamics in Indian foreign policy vis-à-vis Vanilla Islands given the growing importance of the maritime domain for India. The paper also highlights the Chinese factor in the dynamics of Indian foreign policy in the Indian Ocean Region. Attempts have also be made to offer suggestions that may aid in improving interaction with these Island states.
In recent years piracy and maritime terrorism have become growing threats in the Indian Ocean, which is the locus of important international sea lines of communication. The Indian Ocean, the world's third largest ocean, is of great strategic importance for the supply of crucial energy resources. About 40% of the global trade transits through the Indian Ocean. It provides major sea routes connecting the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. The Indian Ocean cannot be considered an " open " space as its access is controlled by several choke points such as the Bab el Mandeb, the Straits of Hormuz, the Straits of Malacca, the Sunda, and Lombok-Straits. In a world increasingly dependent on foreign trade, it is necessary to keep these choke points open at all times. The disruption of the Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs) will have disastrous consequences to the global economy. The purpose of this brief presentation is to analyze the nature of security challenges posed by asymmetric non-state actors, with special reference to South Asia. Since the end of the 15 th century, European powers with their mastery of the oceans began to dominate the sea lanes in the Indian Ocean. It was mainly their sea power which enabled them to colonize most of the countries in Asia and Africa. By the end of the 18 th century the British gained singular command of the sea, and the Indian Ocean was transformed into a " British Lake. " With the gradual withdrawal of the British bases from the East of Suez during the post-Second World War period, there emerged a superpower naval rivalry in the Indian Ocean. It was in this context that Indian Ocean countries felt that their newly gained independence would be imperiled by the super power naval rivalry and the growing militarization of the ocean. Sri
The Indian Ocean, often referred to as the ‘cradle of globalisation’, has been the main link between east and west for centuries. Half of all the world’s trade and two-thirds of its oil pass through its busy waterways, connecting booming East Asian economies to Middle Eastern oil terminals and European markets. Despite its enormous economic and strategic importance, however, the third-largest ocean in the world remains largely ungoverned. The emergence of piracy off the Horn of Africa demonstrated the fragility of the security situation in the Indian Ocean and attracted the interest and presence of all major regional and extra-regional powers. While counter-piracy efforts have been successful and provided a great opportunity for navies to foster international cooperation, the resulting increased military presence has also exacerbated existing power rivalries and transformed the Indian Ocean into the next arena of strategic competition between India, China, and the US.
Indonesian Journal of International Relations
India’s Growing Security Architecture in Indo Pacific: A Case Study of Indo- Mauritius ConvergenceThe rise of China across the Indian and the Pacific Ocean along with new threats radiating from the maritime domain further consolidates the necessity of maritime security. All the major powers such as India, Japan, the United States, Australia, etc. are giving attention to the Indo-Pacific to counter China’s assertiveness and to protect their maritime interests. Concerning India, the country has adopted three approaches to protect its maritime and geostrategic interests in the Indo-Pacific region. First to directly engage with the regional powers and forums such as ASEAN. Secondly collaborating with small and middle powers such as the Maldives and Sri Lanka, Mauritius, and Seychelles, etc. Finally, engaging in multilateral and multi-sectoral dialogue with global powers such as Australia, Japan, the United States under the ambit of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, commonly called the Quad. Using littoral powers India is in the process of actively extending its reach, interests, ...
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