Unicode 5.2 Web Bookmarks

About this page

This page contains hyperlinks to The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2. The Unicode 5.2.0 page lists the contents with links to each PDF file.

Front Matter

• Title and Copyright
• Foreword
• Contents
• List of Figures
• List of Tables

Preface

• What's New
• Organization of This Standard
• Unicode Standard Annexes
• The Unicode Character Database
• Unicode Code Charts
• Unicode Technical Standards and Unicode Technical Reports
• Updates and Errata

1 Introduction

• 1.1 Coverage
  • Standards Coverage
  • New Characters
• 1.2 Design Goals
• 1.3 Text Handling
  • Text Elements

2 General Structure

• 2.1 Architectural Context
  • Basic Text Processes
  • Text Elements, Characters, and Text Processes
  • Text Processes and Encoding
• 2.2 Unicode Design Principles
  • Universality
  • Efficiency
  • Characters, Not Glyphs
  • Semantics
  • Plain Text
  • Logical Order
  • Unification
  • Dynamic Composition
  • Stability
  • Convertibility
• 2.3 Compatibility Characters
  • Compatibility Variants
  • Compatibility Decomposable Characters
• 2.4 Code Points and Characters
  • Types of Code Points
• 2.5 Encoding Forms
  • UTF-32
  • UTF-16
  • UTF-8
  • Comparison of the Advantages of UTF-32, UTF-16, and UTF-8
• 2.6 Encoding Schemes
• 2.7 Unicode Strings
• 2.8 Unicode Allocation
  • Planes
  • Allocation Areas and Character Blocks
  • Assignment of Code Points
• 2.9 Details of Allocation
  • Plane 0 (BMP)
  • Plane 1 (SMP)
  • Plane 2 (SIP)
  • Other Planes
• 2.10 Writing Direction
• 2.11 Combining Characters
  • Sequence of Base Characters and Diacritics
  • Multiple Combining Characters
  • Ligated Multiple Base Characters
  • Exhibiting Nonspacing Marks in Isolation
  • "Characters" and Grapheme Clusters
• 2.12 Equivalent Sequences and Normalization
  • Normalization
  • Decompositions
  • Non-decomposition of Overlaid Diacritics
• 2.13 Special Characters and Noncharacters
  • Special Noncharacter Code Points
  • Byte Order Mark (BOM)
  • Layout and Format Control Characters
  • The Replacement Character
  • Control Codes
• 2.14 Conforming to the Unicode Standard
  • Characteristics of Conformant Implementations
  • Unacceptable Behavior
  • Acceptable Behavior
  • Supported Subsets

3 Conformance

• 3.1 Versions of the Unicode Standard
  • Stability
  • Version Numbering
  • Errata and Corrigenda
  • References to the Unicode Standard
  • Precision in Version Citation
  • References to Unicode Character Properties
  • References to Unicode Algorithms
• 3.2 Conformance Requirements
  • Code Points Unassigned to Abstract Characters
  • Interpretation
  • Modification
  • Character Encoding Forms
  • Character Encoding Schemes
  • Bidirectional Text
  • Normalization Forms
  • Normative References
  • Unicode Algorithms
  • Default Casing Algorithms
  • Unicode Standard Annexes
• 3.3 Semantics
  • Definitions
  • Character Identity and Semantics
• 3.4 Characters and Encoding
• 3.5 Properties
  • Types of Properties
  • Property Values
  • Classification of Properties by Their Values
  • Property Status
  • Context Dependence
  • Stability of Properties
  • Simple and Derived Properties
  • Property Aliases
  • Private Use
• 3.6 Combination
  • Combining Character Sequences
  • Grapheme Clusters
  • Application of Combining Marks
• 3.7 Decomposition
  • Compatibility Decomposition
  • Canonical Decomposition
• 3.8 Surrogates
• 3.9 Unicode Encoding Forms
  • UTF-32
  • UTF-16
  • UTF-8
  • Encoding Form Conversion
  • Constraints on Conversion Processes
• 3.10 Unicode Encoding Schemes
• 3.11 Normalization Forms
  • Normalization Stability
  • Combining Classes
  • Specification of Unicode Normalization Forms
  • Starters
  • Canonical Ordering Algorithm
  • Canonical Composition Algorithm
  • Definition of Normalization Forms
• 3.12 Conjoining Jamo Behavior
  • Definitions
  • Hangul Syllable Boundary Determination
  • Standard Korean Syllables
  • Hangul Syllable Composition
  • Hangul Syllable Decomposition
  • Hangul Syllable Name Generation
• 3.13 Default Case Algorithms
  • Definitions
  • Default Case Conversion
  • Default Case Detection
  • Default Caseless Matching

4 Character Properties

• 4.1 Unicode Character Database
• 4.2 Case-Normative
  • Definitions of Case and Casing
  • Case Mapping
• 4.3 Combining Classes-Normative
  • Reordrant, Split, and Subjoined Combining Marks
• 4.4 Directionality-Normative
• 4.5 General Category-Normative
• 4.6 Numeric Value-Normative
  • Ideographic Numeric Values
• 4.7 Bidi Mirrored-Normative
• 4.8 Name-Normative
  • Unicode Name Property
  • Code Point Labels
  • Use of Character Names in APIs and User Interfaces
• 4.9 Unicode 1.0 Names
• 4.10 Letters, Alphabetic, and Ideographic
• 4.11 Properties Related to Text Boundaries
• 4.12 Characters with Unusual Properties

5 Implementation Guidelines

• 5.1 Transcoding to Other Standards
  • Issues
  • Multistage Tables
• 5.2 Programming Languages and Data Types
  • Unicode Data Types for C
• 5.3 Unknown and Missing Characters
  • Reserved and Private-Use Character Codes
  • Interpretable but Unrenderable Characters
  • Default Property Values
  • Default Ignorable Code Points
  • Interacting with Downlevel Systems
• 5.4 Handling Surrogate Pairs in UTF-16
• 5.5 Handling Numbers
• 5.6 Normalization
• 5.7 Compression
• 5.8 Newline Guidelines
  • Definitions
  • Line Separator and Paragraph Separator
  • Recommendations
• 5.9 Regular Expressions
• 5.10 Language Information in Plain Text
  • Requirements for Language Tagging
  • Language Tags and Han Unification
• 5.11 Editing and Selection
  • Consistent Text Elements
• 5.12 Strategies for Handling Nonspacing Marks
  • Keyboard Input
  • Truncation
• 5.13 Rendering Nonspacing Marks
  • Canonical Equivalence
  • Positioning Methods
• 5.14 Locating Text Element Boundaries
• 5.15 Identifiers
• 5.16 Sorting and Searching
  • Culturally Expected Sorting and Searching
  • Language-Insensitive Sorting
  • Searching
  • Sublinear Searching
• 5.17 Binary Order
  • UTF-8 in UTF-16 Order
  • UTF-16 in UTF-8 Order
• 5.18 Case Mappings
  • Titlecasing
  • Complications for Case Mapping
  • Reversibility
  • Caseless Matching
  • Normalization and Casing
• 5.19 Mapping Compatibility Variants
• 5.20 Unicode Security
• 5.21 Default Ignorable Code Points

6 Writing Systems and Punctuation

• 6.1 Writing Systems
• 6.2 General Punctuation
  • Blocks Devoted to Punctuation
  • Format Control Characters
  • Space Characters
  • Dashes and Hyphens
  • Paired Punctuation
  • Language-Based Usage of Quotation Marks
  • Apostrophes
  • Other Punctuation
  • Archaic Punctuation and Editorial Marks
  • Indic Punctuation
  • CJK Punctuation
  • Unknown or Unavailable Ideographs
  • CJK Compatibility Forms

7 European Alphabetic Scripts

• 7.1 Latin
  • Letters of Basic Latin: U+0041-U+007A
  • Letters of the Latin-1 Supplement: U+00C0-U+00FF
  • Latin Extended-A: U+0100-U+017F
  • Latin Extended-B: U+0180-U+024F
  • IPA Extensions: U+0250-U+02AF
  • Phonetic Extensions: U+1D00-U+1DBF
  • Latin Extended Additional: U+1E00-U+1EFF
  • Latin Extended-C: U+2C60-U+2C7F
  • Latin Extended-D: U+A720-U+A7FF
  • Latin Ligatures: U+FB00-U+FB06
• 7.2 Greek
  • Greek: U+0370-U+03FF
  • Greek Extended: U+1F00-U+1FFF
  • Ancient Greek Numbers: U+10140-U+1018F
• 7.3 Coptic
• 7.4 Cyrillic
  • Cyrillic: U+0400-U+04FF
  • Cyrillic Supplement: U+0500-U+052F
  • Cyrillic Extended-A: U+2DE0-U+2DFF
  • Cyrillic Extended-B: U+A640-U+A69F
• 7.5 Glagolitic
• 7.6 Armenian
• 7.7 Georgian
• 7.8 Modifier Letters
  • Spacing Modifier Letters: U+02B0-U+02FF
  • Modifier Tone Letters: U+A700-U+A71F
• 7.9 Combining Marks
  • Combining Diacritical Marks: U+0300-U+036F
  • Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement: U+1DC0-U+1DFF
  • Combining Marks for Symbols: U+20D0-U+20FF
  • Combining Half Marks: U+FE20-U+FE2F
  • Combining Marks in Other Blocks

8 Middle Eastern Scripts

• 8.1 Hebrew
  • Hebrew: U+0590-U+05FF
  • Alphabetic Presentation Forms: U+FB1D-U+FB4F
• 8.2 Arabic
  • Arabic: U+0600-U+06FF
  • Arabic Cursive Joining
  • Arabic Ligatures
  • Arabic Supplement: U+0750-U+077F
  • Arabic Presentation Forms-A: U+FB50-U+FDFF
  • Arabic Presentation Forms-B: U+FE70-U+FEFF
• 8.3 Syriac
  • Syriac: U+0700-U+074F
  • Syriac Shaping
• 8.4 Samaritan
• 8.5 Thaana

9 South Asian Scripts-I

• 9.1 Devanagari
  • Devanagari: U+0900-U+097F
  • Principles of the Devanagari Script
  • Rendering Devanagari
  • Devanagari Extended: U+A8E0-U+A8FF
  • Vedic Extensions: U+1CD0-U+1CFF
• 9.2 Bengali (Bangla)
• 9.3 Gurmukhi
• 9.4 Gujarati
• 9.5 Oriya
• 9.6 Tamil
  • Tamil: U+0B80-U+0BFF
  • Tamil Vowels
  • Tamil Ligatures
  • Tamil Named Character Sequences
• 9.7 Telugu
• 9.8 Kannada
  • Kannada: U+0C80-U+0CFF
  • Principles of the Kannada Script
  • Rendering Kannada
• 9.9 Malayalam

10 South Asian Scripts-II

• 10.1 Sinhala
• 10.2 Tibetan
• 10.3 Lepcha
• 10.4 Phags-pa
• 10.5 Limbu
• 10.6 Syloti Nagri
• 10.7 Kaithi
• 10.8 Saurashtra
• 10.9 Meetei Mayek
• 10.10 Ol Chiki
• 10.11 Kharoshthi
  • Kharoshthi: U+10A00-U+10A5F
  • Rendering Kharoshthi

11 Southeast Asian Scripts

• 11.1 Thai
• 11.2 Lao
• 11.3 Myanmar
  • Myanmar: U+1000-U+109F
  • Myanmar Extended-A: U+AA60-U+AA7F
  • Khamti Shan
  • Aiton and Phake
• 11.4 Khmer
  • Khmer: U+1780-U+17FF
  • Principles of the Khmer Script
  • Khmer Symbols: U+19E0-U+19FF
• 11.5 Tai Le
• 11.6 New Tai Lue
• 11.7 Tai Tham
• 11.8 Tai Viet
• 11.9 Kayah Li
• 11.10 Cham
• 11.11 Philippine Scripts
  • Tagalog: U+1700-U+171F
  • Hanunóo: U+1720-U+173F
  • Buhid: U+1740-U+175F
  • Tagbanwa: U+1760-U+177F
  • Principles of the Philippine Scripts
• 11.12 Buginese
• 11.13 Balinese
• 11.14 Javanese
• 11.15 Rejang
• 11.16 Sundanese

12 East Asian Scripts

• 12.1 Han
  • CJK Unified Ideographs
  • CJK Standards
  • Blocks Containing Han Ideographs
  • General Characteristics of Han Ideographs
  • Principles of Han Unification
  • Unification Rules
  • Abstract Shape
  • Han Ideograph Arrangement
  • Mappings for Han Ideographs
  • CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B: U+20000-U+2A6D6
  • CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C: U+2A700-U+2B734
  • CJK Compatibility Ideographs: U+F900-U+FAFF
  • CJK Compatibility Supplement: U+2F800-U+2FA1D
  • Kanbun: U+3190-U+319F
  • Symbols Derived from Han Ideographs
  • CJK and KangXi Radicals: U+2E80-U+2FD5
  • CJK Additions from HKSCS and GB 18030
  • CJK Strokes: U+31C0-U+31EF
• 12.2 Ideographic Description Characters
• 12.3 Bopomofo
• 12.4 Hiragana and Katakana
  • Hiragana: U+3040-U+309F
  • Katakana: U+30A0-U+30FF
  • Katakana Phonetic Extensions: U+31F0-U+31FF
• 12.5 Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
• 12.6 Hangul
  • Hangul Jamo: U+1100-U+11FF
  • Hangul Jamo Extended-A: U+A960-U+A97F
  • Hangul Jamo Extended-B: U+D7B0-U+D7FF
  • Hangul Compatibility Jamo: U+3130-U+318F
  • Hangul Syllables: U+AC00-U+D7A3
• 12.7 Yi

13 Additional Modern Scripts

• 13.1 Ethiopic
  • Ethiopic: U+1200-U+137F
  • Ethiopic Extensions: U+1380-U+139F, U+2D80-U+2DDF
• 13.2 Mongolian
• 13.3 Osmanya
• 13.4 Tifinagh
• 13.5 N'Ko
• 13.6 Vai
• 13.7 Bamum
• 13.8 Cherokee
• 13.9 Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
  • Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics: U+1400-U+167F
  • Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended: U+18B0-U+18FF
• 13.10 Deseret
• 13.11 Shavian
• 13.12 Lisu

14 Ancient and Historic Scripts

• 14.1 Ogham
• 14.2 Old Italic
• 14.3 Runic
• 14.4 Gothic
• 14.5 Old Turkic
• 14.6 Linear B
  • Linear B Syllabary: U+10000-U+1007F
  • Linear B Ideograms: U+10080-U+100FF
  • Aegean Numbers: U+10100-U+1013F
• 14.7 Cypriot Syllabary
• 14.8 Ancient Anatolian Alphabets
  • Lycian: U+10280-U+1029F
  • Carian: U+102A0-U+102DF
  • Lydian: U+10920-U+1093F
• 14.9 Old South Arabian
• 14.10 Phoenician
• 14.11 Imperial Aramaic
• 14.12 Inscriptional Parthian and Inscriptional Pahlavi
• 14.13 Avestan
• 14.14 Ugaritic
• 14.15 Old Persian
• 14.16 Sumero-Akkadian
  • Cuneiform: U+12000-U+123FF
  • Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation: U+12400-U+1247F
• 14.17 Egyptian Hieroglyphs

15 Symbols

• 15.1 Currency Symbols
• 15.2 Letterlike Symbols
  • Letterlike Symbols: U+2100-U+214F
  • Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols: U+1D400-U+1D7FF
  • Mathematical Alphabets
  • Fonts Used for Mathematical Alphabets
• 15.3 Number Forms
  • Number Forms: U+2150-U+218F
  • Common Indic Number Forms: U+A830-U+A83F
  • Rumi Numeral Forms: U+10E60-U+10E7E
  • CJK Number Forms
  • Superscripts and Subscripts: U+2070-U+209F
• 15.4 Mathematical Symbols
  • Mathematical Operators: U+2200-U+22FF
  • Supplements to Mathematical Symbols and Arrows
  • Supplemental Mathematical Operators: U+2A00-U+2AFF
  • Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A: U+27C0-U+27EF
  • Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B: U+2980-U+29FF
  • Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows: U+2B00-U+2B7F
  • Arrows: U+2190-U+21FF
  • Supplemental Arrows
  • Standardized Variants of Mathematical Symbols
• 15.5 Invisible Mathematical Operators
• 15.6 Technical Symbols
  • Control Pictures: U+2400-U+243F
  • Miscellaneous Technical: U+2300-U+23FF
  • Optical Character Recognition: U+2440-U+245F
• 15.7 Geometrical Symbols
  • Box Drawing and Box Elements
  • Geometric Shapes: U+25A0-U+25FF
• 15.8 Miscellaneous Symbols and Dingbats
  • Miscellaneous Symbols: U+2600-U+26FF
  • Dingbats: U+2700-U+27BF
  • Mahjong Tiles: U+1F000-U+1F02F
  • Domino Tiles: U+1F030-U+1F09F
  • Yijing Hexagram Symbols: U+4DC0-U+4DFF
  • Tai Xuan Jing Symbols: U+1D300-U+1D356
  • Ancient Symbols: U+10190-U+101CF
  • Phaistos Disc Symbols: U+101D0-U+101FF
• 15.9 Enclosed and Square
  • Enclosed Alphanumerics: U+2460-U+24FF
  • Enclosed CJK Letters and Months: U+3200-U+32FF
  • CJK Compatibility: U+3300-U+33FF
  • Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement: U+1F100-U+1F1FF
  • Enclosed Ideographic Supplement: U+1F200-U+1F2FF
• 15.10 Braille
• 15.11 Western Musical Symbols
• 15.12 Byzantine Musical Symbols
• 15.13 Ancient Greek Musical Notation

16 Special Areas and Format Characters

• 16.1 Control Codes
  • Representing Control Sequences
  • Specification of Control Code Semantics
• 16.2 Layout Controls
  • Line and Word Breaking
  • Cursive Connection and Ligatures
  • Combining Grapheme Joiner
  • Bidirectional Ordering Controls
• 16.3 Deprecated Format Characters
• 16.4 Variation Selectors
• 16.5 Private-Use Characters
  • Private Use Area: U+E000-U+F8FF
  • Supplementary Private Use Areas
• 16.6 Surrogates Area
• 16.7 Noncharacters
• 16.8 Specials
  • Byte Order Mark (BOM): U+FEFF
  • Specials: U+FFF0-U+FFF8
  • Annotation Characters: U+FFF9-U+FFFB
  • Replacement Characters: U+FFFC-U+FFFD
• 16.9 Deprecated Tag Characters
  • Deprecated Tag Characters: U+E0000-U+E007F
  • Syntax for Embedding Tags
  • Working with Language Tags
  • Unicode Conformance Issues
  • Formal Tag Syntax

17 Code Charts

• 17.1 Character Names List
  • Images in the Code Charts and Character Lists
  • Special Characters and Code Points
  • Character Names
  • Informative Aliases
  • Normative Aliases
  • Cross References
  • Information About Languages
  • Case Mappings
  • Decompositions
  • Subheads
• 17.2 CJK Unified Ideographs
• 17.3 Hangul Syllables

18 Han Radical-Stroke Index

A Notational Conventions

• Code Points
• Character Names
• Character Blocks
• Sequences
• Rendering
• Properties and Property Values
• Miscellaneous
• Extended BNF
• Operators

B Unicode Publications and Resources

• B.1 The Unicode Consortium
  • The Unicode Technical Committee
  • Other Activities
• B.2 Unicode Publications
• B.3 Unicode Technical Standards
  • UTS #6: A Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode
  • UTS #10: Unicode Collation Algorithm
  • UTS #18: Unicode Regular Expressions
  • UTS #22: Character Mapping Markup Language (CharMapML)
  • UTS #35: Unicode Locale Data Markup Language (LDML)
  • UTS #37: Unicode Ideographic Variation Database
  • UTS #39: Unicode Security Mechanisms
• B.4 Unicode Technical Reports
  • UTR #16: UTF-EBCDIC
  • UTR #17: Unicode Character Encoding Model
  • UTR #20: Unicode in XML and Other Markup Languages
  • UTR #23: The Unicode Character Property Model
  • UTR #25: Unicode Support for Mathematics
  • UTR #26: Compatibility Encoding Scheme for UTF-16: 8-Bit (CESU-8)
  • UTR #33: Unicode Conformance Model
  • UTR #36: Unicode Security Considerations
  • UTR #45: U-Source Ideographs
• B.5 Unicode Technical Notes
• B.6 Other Unicode Online Resources
  • Unicode Online Resources
  • How to Contact the Unicode Consortium

C Relationship to ISO/IEC 10646

• C.1 History
• C.2 Encoding Forms in ISO/IEC 10646
  • Zero Extending
• C.3 UCS Transformation Formats
  • UTF-8
  • UTF-16
• C.4 Synchronization of the Standards
• C.5 Identification of Features for the Unicode Standard
• C.6 Character Names
• C.7 Character Functional Specifications

D Changes from Previous Versions

• D.1 Versions of the Unicode Standard
• D.2 Clause and Definition Updates
• D.3 Changes from Version 5.1 to Version 5.2
• D.4 Changes from Version 5.0 to Version 5.1

E Han Unification History

• E.1 Development of the URO
• E.2 Ideographic Rapporteur Group

R References

• R.1 Source Standards and Specifications
• R.2 Source Dictionaries for Han Unification
• R.3 Other Sources for the Unicode Standard
• R.4 Selected Resources: Technical
• R.5 Selected Resources: Scripts and Languages

I General Index

• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• X
• Y
• Z